10.2

Question 1

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 1

• Prokaryote (bacteria)
• Protoctista (unicellular eukaryotes)
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

Question 2

What are the general features of prokaryote?

Answer 2

• unicellular
• No nucleus or mitochondria
• Vary in size over a wide range
• They have cell walls not made of cellulose
• No membrane bound organelles
• No visible feeding mechanism- nutrients are absorbed through the cell wall or internally through photosynthesis (blue-green bacteria aka archaebacteria)
• Many bacteria are heterotrophic meaning they feed off decomposing living or dead organic materials
• Divide by binary fission

Question 3

What do all eukarya have in common?

Answer 3

They all have a membrane bound nucleus and have compartmentalisation (organelles are separated via the cell membrane)

Question 4

What are the general features of protoctists?

Answer 4

• mainly unicellular
• Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
• No cell walls
• Some have chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls (like algae)
• Some are sessile while others move by cilia or flagella
• Nutrients are acquired via photosynthesis (autotrophic feeders)
• Nutrients can also be acquired through the ingestion of other organisms (heterotrophic feeders)
• Or they could be both- parasitic

Question 5

What are the features of fungi?

Answer 5

• Unicellular or multicellular
• Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles and a cell wall mainly composed of chitin
• No chloroplasts or chlorophyll
• No mechanisms for locomotion
• Most store food as glycogen
• Nutrients are acquired through absorption of decaying material (saprophytic feeders) or being parasites.
• Reproducing using spores that disperse onto the ground nearby
• fungi are multinucleate- the cells fuse together and they grow to form hyphae, many form mycelium which release enzymes which digest food (saprophytic feeders)
• Consist of long threads called hyphae that grow from the main fungus body and form a network of filaments called the mycelium
• Larger fungi have fruiting bodies which produce a large number of spores

Question 6

What are the features of plants?

Answer 6

• multicellular eukaryotic organisms
• Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles including chloroplasts and a cell wall composed of cellulose
• All contain chlorophyll
• Autotrophic
• Store food as starch
• Can have flagella sometimes

Question 7

What are the features of animals?

Answer 7

• Multicellular
• A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
• No chloroplasts/cell walls
• Move with the aid of cilia, flagella or contractile proteins sometimes in the form of muscular organs
• Nutrients acquired by ingestion- heterotrophic feeds
• Food stored as glycogen

Question 8

What is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria?

Answer 8

• Archaebacteria can live in extreme environments such as highly acidic environments
• Eubacteria are found in all environments
• Archaebacteria and Eubacteria have a different chemical makeup- for example eubacteria have a peptidoglycan in their cell walls while the other doesn’t

Question 9

What are the properties of archaea?

Answer 9

• No nucleus
• Unique lipids in their membranes
• No peptidoglycan in the cell walls
• Ribosomal structure are similar to the eukaryotic ribosome than that of bacteria
• They have a similar size range as bacteria
• DNA transcription is similar to that of eukaryotes

Question 10

What are the differences between archaea and bacteria?

Answer 10

• In archaea in membrane lipids consist of branched hydrocarbon chains bonded to glycerol via ester linkages
• Archaea have 70s ribosomes but small subunits while eubacteria have 70s ribosomes
• bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls while eukarya do not

Question 11

What is phylogeny?

Answer 11

Refers to the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 12

What is a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 12

• Diagram used to represent the evolutionary relationships between organisms
• Produced by looking at similarities and differences in species physical characteristics and genetic makeup
  
  • The closer the branches of the tree, the more closely they are related
• it produces a continuous tree so does not force organisms into certain groups
• the hierarchal nature of taxonomy is misleads as it implies different groups in the same rank are equivalent