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Genetics > 1.01 - The Central Dogma > Flashcards

1.01 - The Central Dogma Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three elements to DNA?

A

Phosphate Backbone
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogenous Bases

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2
Q

What are the two purine bases?

A

Adenine

Guanine

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3
Q

What are the three pyrimidine bases?

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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4
Q

Name the complementary base pairs

A

Adenine & Thymine (Uracil)

Guanine & Cytosine

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5
Q

What is transcription and where does it occur?

A

The conversion of DNA to RNA and it occurs in the nucleus

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6
Q

What is translation and where does it occur?

A

The use of RNA as a template to produce protein and it occurs in the cytoplasm

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7
Q

Contrast and Compare the structures of DNA and RNA

A 
DNA: 
Contains deoxyribose (lacks an oxygen atom)
ATGC
Double stranded
Mostly helical
RNA:
Contains ribose sugar
AUGC
Mostly single stranded
Complex array of secondary structures
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8
Q

What is a codon?

A

Codons are 3 nucleotides in a row which code for an amino acid

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9
Q

What is amino acid redundancy?

A

Only 20 amino acids exist for a possible 64 nucleotide combinations in the codon.

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

A portion of the genetic code which codes for a protein or functional RNA

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11
Q

Compare and contrast the coding and non-coding strands of DNA

A 
Non-coding:
Template (used to make the mRNA)
Anti-sense
Non-transcribed strand
Coding:
Non-template
Sense
Transcribed strand
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12
Q

What are the three stages of Transcription?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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13
Q

Describe the Initiation phase of Transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to DNA promotor region (closed complex)
RNA polymerase unwinds the section of DNA (open complex)
Catalyses the linkage of initial pre-mRNA

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14
Q

Describe the Elongation phase of Transcription

A

RNA polymerase moves 3’ to 5’ along the template strand of DNA. Produces pre-mRNA

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15
Q

Describe the Termination phase of Transcription

A

RNA polymerase releases the completed pre-mRNA

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16
Q

What is an exon? And what happens to it during RNA processing?

A

It is the coding region of RNA and exons are spliced together during RNA processing

17
Q

What is an intron? And what happens to it during RNA processing?

A

It is the non-coding region or RNA and introns are removed and degraded during RNA processing

18
Q

What is the spliceosome and what do they do?

A

They are a group of small nuclear ribonucleases (snRNPs), they post modify the pre-RNA to mRNA.

19
Q

What is mRNA?

A

The template strand for translation to produce a protein

20
Q

What is the ribosome made up of?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins units. Has two subunits: The small (40S) and the large (60S)

21
Q

Describe the steps in translation

A

The mRNA will leave the nucleus. Ribosome binds the mRNA in the cytoplasm. Anticodon of tRNA will bind to the codon on mRNA and add its attached amino acid to the growing peptide chain

Genetics (9 decks)

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