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LPIC 1 > 101 Exam > Flashcards

101 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Regular File System

A

Method of laying out files and folders on a physical hard disk

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2
Q

Two primary psuedo file system locations

A

/proc

/sys

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3
Q

Linux Kernel

A
  • Core framework of the OS
  • Handles memory management and hardware device interactions
  • Many third-party kernel modules are device drivers
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4
Q

uname

A

displays information about current running kernel

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5
Q

uname -m

A

prints machine hardware name

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6
Q

uname -rm

A

brings up kernel release version with hardware name

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7
Q

uname -a

A

brings up OS, host name of the server, kernel release version, build time of the kernel, machine architecture, cpu type, and the OS label

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8
Q

modprobe

A

used to dynamically load and unload kernel modules at runtime

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9
Q

modprobe -r

A

used to remove a kernel module

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10
Q

modprobe (name)

A

used to add a kernel module

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11
Q

xfs module

A

used by kernel to know how to work with the PC’s file system

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12
Q

/udev

A

device manager for the Linux kernel, links information on system.

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13
Q

lspci

A
  • displays information on PCI devices attached
  • should the kernel not recognize a device, it will show up here and contain information that can be used to find drivers/modules
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14
Q

lsusb

A

displays information on USB devices attached

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15
Q

lsblk

A

lists hard disk and partition

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16
Q

procfs

A

Information about system hardware and the state of the system is contained in this
‘pseudofilesystem’

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17
Q

/proc

A
  • Usually where the procfs filesystem is mounted.
    -Within this directory, you will find directories that correspond in label (number) to the
    associated PID (Process ID) of running processes
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18
Q

/proc/mounts

A

file (or link to another file) that contains information on all the
filesystems that are mounted locally

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19
Q

/proc/interrupts

A

shows information about the interrupts in use in the system

and what they are associated with (the hardware that is using them)

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20
Q

/proc/ioports

A 
one or more addresses that identify a device, and the kernel
module associated with them
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21
Q

/proc/dma

A 
(Direct Memory Access), values used by hardware to access system
memory directly (i.e. without involving the CPU)
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22
Q

/proc/usb

A

USB device IDs and kernel modules associated with them

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23
Q

/proc/pci

A

PCI device IDs and kernel modules associated with them

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24
Q

sysfs

A
  • ‘pseudofilesystem’ that can contain information about system hardware (like procfs)
    -designed to address some of the problems with the procfs method (unstructured data and
    the fact that both hardware and process information was consolidated in the structure)
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25
Q

/sys

A
  • Where the ‘sysfs’ filesystem is mounted
    -Within this directory, you will directories that correspond to system hardware and kernel
    modules associated with the system (physical or virtual)
    -process data (PID) does NOT exist in this method
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26
Q

/dev

A

-contains device data (using the information from /sys or sysfs)
- Devices added or removed on a live system will engage the udev system which will detect
and configure it and then make it available for use (often called ‘hotplug’ or ‘hotswap’)

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27
Q

D-Bus

A

-send data messages between applications
udev utilizes dbus to notify user and the system when new hardware is attached
-Allows desktop applications to send messages to other applications and/or receive
messages from the Linux kernel

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28
Q

lsmod

A
  • displays a listing of all currently loaded kernel modules

- Will not load a driver if missing

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29
Q

lscpu

A

displays information on processors on a system

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30
Q

lscpu -a (–all)

A

will display offline and online CPUs

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31
Q

lscpu -b (–online)

A

only online CPU information

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32
Q

lscpu -c (–offline)

A

only offline CPU information

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33
Q

lscpu -e (–extended)

A

display information in a more readable format

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34
Q

lscpu -p (–parse)

A

provides the information displayed in a comma delimited form (that can be
logged and used by other applications for reporting)

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35
Q

lsscsi

A
  • displays information on any SCSI devices detected

- some distros will display SATA devices connected

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36
Q

lsscsi -c (–classic)

A

output is the same as running cat /proc/scsi/scsi

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37
Q

lsscsi -d (–device)

A

provides additional ‘major/minor’ device numbers behind each detected device

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38
Q

lsscsi -g (–generic)

A

generic SCSI device file name (sg)

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39
Q

lsscsi -l (–long)

A

additional information for each device

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40
Q

lsscsi -s (–size)

A

print the disk size in a more readable format

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41
Q

lsscsi -v (-vv or -vvv)

A

controls the level of detail (verbosity)

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42
Q

lsdev

A

Shows all the devices that are recognized by the running system kernel

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43
Q

lsraid

A

• Displays any RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) on your system
• not installed on most systems, unavailable outside of some RAID drivers/configuration
software

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44
Q

lsusb -t

A
  • tells you which device is attached to which controller

- displayed in a tree view

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45
Q

lsusb -s

A

shows the specified bus and device number information

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46
Q

lsusb -d [vendor]

A

show only devices with the indicated vendor and product ID

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47
Q

lsusb -v

A

verbose device output

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48
Q

lsblk -a (–all)

A

list empty devices as well (off by default)

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49
Q

lsblk -d (–nodeps)

A

print only top level device information

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50
Q

lsblk -e (–exclude)

A

exclude the indicated devices (one or more, comma separated)

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51
Q

lsblk -f (–fs)

A

include information on filesystems

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52
Q

lsblk -i (–ascii)

A

use ASCH characters for tree view

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53
Q

lsblk -l (–list)

A

output list format

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54
Q

Pseudo File System

A
  • Does not exit on a physical hard disk
  • pseudo - “fake” or “not real”
  • only exists in RAM while system is running
  • cleared upon a reboot
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55
Q

dri

A
  • Direct Rendering Interface

- pertains to the video cards attached to the system

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56
Q

lspci -k

A

lists out which components of the hardware are being used with which particular kernel modules

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57
Q

lspci -v (or -vv or -vvv)

A

be verbose and list more detailed information about all devices

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58
Q

General boot order 1

A

Power on

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59
Q

General boot order 2

A

BIOS loads ( modern systems includes EFI)

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60
Q

General boot order 3

A

BIOS find and hands off to the primary (or chosen) disks ‘boot sector’

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61
Q

General boot order 4

A

Boot sector provides the MBR (Master Boot Record), within the first 512 bytes of the active (or
first, depending on installation) drive (can be any type of hard drive)

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62
Q

General boot order 5

A

Boot loader is executed

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63
Q

General boot order 13

A

Modules indicated within the init scripts are loaded

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64
Q

General boot order 14

A

root filesystem is checked

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65
Q

General boot order 15

A

remaining filesystems are mounted

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66
Q

General boot order 16

A

network devices are started

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67
Q

General boot order 17

A

remote filesystems are mounted (if configured)

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68
Q

General boot order 18

A

init process re-reads /etc/inittab and changes to the default runlevel indicated and
executes the appropriate scripts

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69
Q

General boot order 19

A

runlevel scripts executed in numeric order (#service for the runlevel indicated in /etc/
inittab)

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70
Q

General boot order 20

A

tty sessions are loaded as listed in /etc/inittab

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71
Q

General boot order 21

A

Login prompt is displayed, system is ready for login

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72
Q

General boot order 12

A

/etc/inittab is read and the appropriate runlevel script(s) are run

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73
Q

General boot order 11

A

The init program is loaded (and becomes the first PID - /sbin/init)

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74
Q

General boot order 10

A

root filesystem is mounted

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75
Q

General boot order 9

A

Device initialization, module loading, and the initial RAM disk (initrd) is loaded

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76
Q

General boot order 8

A

linux kernel is read and executed

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77
Q

General boot order 7

A

USER INPUT STEP
depending on boot loader configuration, the user may be able to choose
from a menu of potential boot types/kernel versions or allow the default to proceed

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78
Q

General boot order 6

A

LILO/GRUB/GRUB2 boot loader begins

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79
Q

sysvinit

A
  • older system and service management
  • init script driven
  • written by Miquelvan Smoorenburg
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80
Q

init (initialization)

A
  • based off of the system V init used in UNIX systems
  • services start one after the other
  • static. does not natively respond to changes on a system
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81
Q

inittab: wait

A

process specified will be started once when the runlevel is entered, and init will wait for its termination.

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82
Q

Red Hat init script

A

/etc/rc.d/

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83
Q

Debian init script

A

/etc/init.d

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84
Q

/etc/init.d/rc

A

script that orchestrates how the runlevel scripts run and what occurs when a runlevel changes

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85
Q

upstart (background)

A
  • first developed for Ubuntu in 2006 by Scott Remnant
  • started in Ubuntu 6.10
  • Eventually used in Red Hat 6, Debian, and Fedora 9
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86
Q

upstart

A
  • offers asynchronous starting of services - decreasing boot up times
  • works off real-time events
  • stops and starts services, and monitors their availability
  • considered easily extensible
  • not used by most distros
  • dynamic. can respond to changes on the system
  • supports all sysvinit methods but not systemd methods
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87
Q

init Runlevel 3

A
  • Multi-user mode but with networking.

- most linux servers are set up to run at this level by default.

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88
Q

init Runlevel 2

A
  • Multi-user with no networking

- No remote file systems mounted

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89
Q

init Runlevel 6

A
  • Reboot

- where init stops services and restarts the system.

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90
Q

init Runlevel 5

A

Multi-user but with networking and GUI.

Older Linux webstations set to run on this by default.

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91
Q

init Runlevel 4

A

typically not used but available should a system administrator want to set up a custom run level environment.

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92
Q

init Runlevel 1

A
  • single user mode
  • only root user allowed to log in.
  • primarily used for maintenance tasks and repair functionality
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93
Q

init Runlevel 0

A
  • halt or shutdown level

- where init runs scripts that stop services and powers off the system.

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94
Q

systemd

A
  • removed the need for shell scripts
  • replaces the functionality of scripts with compiled C code
  • still compatible with older System V scripts
  • default on most modern distros
  • designed to replace sysvinit method
  • fewer dependencies
  • service prioritization and precedence
  • reduces start up time
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95
Q

Unit File Locations:

/usr/lib/systemd/system

A
  • the ‘units’ installed

- provided by package installations (do not edit these unit files)

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96
Q

Unit File Locations:

/etc/systemd/system

A

units that have priority over other units and are controlled by
sysadmin

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97
Q

Unit File Locations:

/run/systemd/system

A

units created at runtime and may have priority over non-runtime (or installed) units

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98
Q

systemctl

A

primary command for controlling service start/stop/restart/status

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99
Q

system-analyze

A

display performance information on system bootup, allows for

trace/debugging information

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100
Q

logind

A

replaces consolekit, supports X Windows managers

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101
Q

consoled

A

console daemon, replaces virtual terminals

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102
Q

journald

A

logging system, uses binary logs (although it can be replaced by other logging
daemons)

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103
Q

networkd

A

network support daemon

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104
Q

.service

A

system service

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105
Q

.swap

A

swap device or file

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106
Q

.socket

A

IPC socket

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107
Q

.target

A

unit (one or a group of)

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108
Q

.snapshot

A

saved state instance of the systemd manager

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109
Q

.slice

A

units grouped together in a hierarchy used to manage processes

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110
Q

.timer

A

timer

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111
Q

.mount

A

mount point on the file system (local or remote)

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112
Q

.automount

A

automount point on the filesystem

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113
Q

.scope

A

externally created process

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114
Q

.path

A

file or directory on file system

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115
Q

.device

A

device in use by the system kernel

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116
Q

systemd runlevel 0

A
  • poweroff.target

- shutdown the system

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117
Q

systemd runlevel 1

A
  • rescue.target

- single user/rescue shell

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118
Q

systemd runlevel 2,3 and 4

A
  • multi-user.target

- non-graphical, but full network, multi-user

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119
Q

systemd runlevel 5

A
  • graphical.target

- full graphical desktop, multi-user

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120
Q

systemd runlevel 6

A
  • reboot.target

- reboot

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121
Q

Service target dependencies

A

• Method of indicating dependencies between units or groups of units on the system

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122
Q

Service target dependencies - requires

A

• Only after the requirement is met, will any other ‘wanted’ units be started

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123
Q

Service target dependencies - wants

A

Only executed upon completion of ‘requires’ units

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124
Q

systemd boot process changes

A
  • /etc/inittab is not read (and is no longer in use)
  • ‘default.target’ is started (which is linked to the current ‘default’ target - multiuser, graphical, etc)
  • A tree of ‘requires’ and ‘wants’ is then followed throughout the process
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125
Q

runlevel (command)

A

displays the current runlevel (and the previous, if available)

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126
Q

systemctl get-default

A

displays the current default runlevel target

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127
Q

systemctl set-default [new.target]

A
  • Will set the default runlevel target to the indicated value
  • Creates a link from ‘default.target’ to the indicated target
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128
Q

systemctl list-units –type=target

A

list all the active system targets

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129
Q

systemctl isolate [runlevel.target]

A

Allows you to set the runlevel of the system without changing the default

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130
Q

Components of the Unit File

A

-unit files follow the INI style format first seen in MS-DOS

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131
Q

lspci -m (-mm)

A

displays the PCI device information in a more “easily parseable” format

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132
Q

lspci -vm

A

nicely formatted listing of all PCI hardware on the system

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133
Q

lspci -t

A

displays a tree view of the PCI devices on the system

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134
Q

lspci -tvm

A

associate the device names with the IDs in a tree view

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135
Q

PCI

A
  • Peripheral Component Interconnect

- PCI device is any piece of computer hardware that plugs directly into a PCI slot on a computer

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136
Q

Commands to view output from kernel ring buffer

A
  • dmesg - legacy command

- journalctl -k viewed within the systemd journal

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137
Q

/sbin/init

A

binary used to bring up the rest of the system and start services

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138
Q

Boot order overview

A
  • BIOS
  • Boot sector (w/ Boot loader)
  • Kernel
  • Initial RAM disk
  • Device initialization
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139
Q

upstart: Task

A

will do what is requested and will return to a waiting state once finished

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140
Q

upstart: Service

A

Will not stop by itself

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141
Q

upstart: Job state

A

condition at one point in time

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142
Q

upstart: Waiting

A

initial state of a job

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143
Q

upstart: Starting

A

job itself is about to start

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144
Q

upstart: Stopping

A

interim state where job has processed a section of it’s configuration known as prestop

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145
Q

upstart: Killed

A

where job is actually stopped

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146
Q

upstart: Post-stop

A

where job has completely stopped and goes in waiting state

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147
Q

upstart: Respawning

A
  • occurs when something goes wrong when job is running and quits unexpectedly
  • upstart will attempt to respawn a job up to 10 times at 5 second intervals
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148
Q

sysvinit: change runlevel

A
  • telinit or init (followed by runlevel)
  • must be root user
  • telinit is legacy command
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149
Q

sysvinit: pull default runlevel

A

cat/etc/inittab

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150
Q

sysvinit: change runlevel during restart

A
  • press any key during boot process
  • press “a” in GRUB menu
  • type run level number to use
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151
Q

reboot (command)

A

reboot system

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152
Q

shutdown -h

A

halt the system (shut it down)

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153
Q

shutdown -r [specifictime]

A

reboot system at the time given

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154
Q

shutdown -P

A

power off (if ACPI is available)

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155
Q

shutdown -C

A

cancel shutdown

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156
Q

shutdown -k [message]

A

broadcasts a ‘wall’ message to logged in users

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157
Q

halt -f (–force)

A

does not shutdown, only halts

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158
Q

halt -p (–poweroff)

A

power off after shutdown (if ACPI is available)

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159
Q

halt -w (–wtmp-only)

A

only LOGS the shutdown but does not perform the shutdown

or reboot

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160
Q

halt –verbose

A

displays more information for troubleshooting

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161
Q

systemd Target

A
  • target is a unit that syncs up other units when the computer boots or changes states
  • other units associate themselves with a target for an operating environment
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162
Q

multi-user.target

A
  • multi-user system
  • similar to runlevel 3
  • provides a command line shell with networking and the ability to host multiple user log ins
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163
Q

graphical.target

A
  • multi-user system with a desktop environment. similar to runlevel 5
  • “picture text”
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164
Q

rescue.target

A
  • pulls in basic system and file system mounts and provides a rescue shell
  • there to provide an isolated environment for the root user to perform repairs on the system.
  • similar to runlevel 1
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165
Q

basic.target

A

basic system. used during the boot process before another

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166
Q

sysinit.target

A

system initialization

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167
Q

systemctl list-unit-files -t target

A

show all unit files for available targets

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168
Q

systemctl list-units -t target

A

show all loaded and active unit files

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169
Q

systemctl get-default

A

list out the default target

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170
Q

systemctl set-default [new.target]

A

change the default target to a different target

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171
Q

systemctl isolate [runlevel.target]

A

will change the running state of the system from the current target to a different target

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172
Q

systemctl rescue

A
  • almost identical to the System V init single-user mode

- allows the root user to repair the system

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173
Q

systemctl reboot

A
  • will run the reboot target

- same thing as just typing reboot at the prompt

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174
Q

systemctl poweroff

A
  • isolates the system to poweroff.target

- same as typing poweroff at the prompt

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175
Q

systemctl halt

A

halt. do not power off

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176
Q

systemctl poweroff

A

halt and power off (if ACPI is available)

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177
Q

wall

A
  • allows you to broadcast a message to all logged in users.
  • limited to 20 lines of text
  • will appear on every terminal overwriting or interrupting terminal text
  • terminate with CTRL+D
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178
Q

reboot commands

A
  • reboot
  • telinit 6
  • shutdown -r now
  • systemctl isolate reboot.target
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179
Q

Shutdown commands

A
  • poweroff
  • telinit 0
  • shutdown -h+1
  • systemctl isolate poweroff.target
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180
Q

ACPI

A

-Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
-registers system events
(pressing power button or closing laptop lid)

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181
Q

mount (command)

A

list out every partition and every mount point currently in use on the system

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182
Q

block device

A

hard disk or anything that takes a large amount of data and writes it and blocks sizes to a location

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183
Q

single disk installation

A

linux installed on a single physical disk, consisting of one or more partitions

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184
Q

multi-disk installation

A

linux installed on multiple physical disks, each consisting of on or more partitions

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185
Q

dev/sda

A

first physical SATA disk on a system

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186
Q

dev/sda2

A

first physical disk, second partition

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187
Q

dev/hdc2

A

third IDE drive, second partition

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188
Q

dev/scd0

A
  • first CDROM drive

- CDROM doesn’t have partitions

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189
Q

Linux filesystem layout

A
  • everything is a file
  • any folder (few exceptions) can be mounted on any drive/partition
  • shared development system with constrained disk space
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190
Q

/

A
  • ‘root’ filesystem is mounted on a device/partition and contains all other folders
  • bottom of the directory tree
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191
Q

/var

A
  • log files, shared files/directories, runtime information, binary data files
  • generally set up on a separate partition
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192
Q

/home

A

user’s home directory, where personal files are stored

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193
Q

/boot

A

-boot loader configuration and kernel files are contained here

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194
Q

/opt

A
  • generally third party applications are installed here

- enterprise environments make use of this location

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195
Q

swap

A
  • temporary storage that acts like RAM
  • when a percentage of RAM is full, kernel will move less used data to swap
  • much slower than using a dedicated partition
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196
Q

Swap size

A

older ‘rules’ ranged from 1.5x to 2x of avail RAM

-today should use no less than 50% of avail

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197
Q

LVM (Logical Volume Manager)

A
  • Allows the creation of ‘groups of disks’ or partitions that can be assembled into a filesystem.
  • can be used for nearly any mount point except /boot
  • flexibility - allows for resizing of volumes
  • snapshots- allows for ‘point in time’ copies of your logical volume
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198
Q

VG (Volume Group)

A
  • combination of one or more PV to create a pool of avail storage
  • Contains all of your physical volumes
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199
Q

LV (Logical Volumes)

A
  • Volume group is carved into individual components that can be used for specific functions
  • like a partition
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200
Q

pvs (command)

A

lists out the physical volumes in an LVM group

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201
Q

vgs (command)

A

lists out the volume groups within an LVM group

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202
Q

lvs (command)

A

lists out the logical volumes within an LVM group

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203
Q

PV (Physical Volume)

A
  • basic starting point of storage

- corresponds to a disk or partition

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204
Q

Swap - Partition

A

dedicated partition formatted specifically as swap space

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205
Q

Swap - files

A

created file that is used on a filesystem as swap space for the system

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206
Q

grub-install [device]

A
  • command used to install GRUB to the specified device
  • typically done from a live CD/USB where GRUB is installed on a new disk
  • can be identified by drive path /dev/hda or /dev/hd0
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207
Q

grub (command)

A

-invokes GRUB shell environment and prompt

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208
Q

help (command)

A

print the help listing for GRUB, or get more info on a command

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209
Q

GRUB: find (command)

A

search for a file in all partitions and list the devices the file is on

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210
Q

GRUB: quit (command)

A

exit grub shell

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211
Q

MBR (Master Boot Record)

A
  • traditionally supported only 26 total partitions

- partition size limited to 2TB

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212
Q

GPT (GUID Partition Table)

A
  • supports 128 partitions
  • partition size up to ZB range
  • Needs UEFI to boot and asks as BIOS
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213
Q

UEFI (United Extensible Firmware Interface)

A
  • replacement for traditional BIOS, can act in legacy BIOS mode
  • requires 64bit OS
  • prevents unauthorized
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214
Q

grub2-editenv list

A

view the default boot entry for the grub configuration file

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215
Q

grub2-mkconfig

A
  • creates or updates a /boot/grub2/grub.cfg file based on entries from the /etc/default/grub file
  • used to generate the GRUB configuration file menu
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216
Q

update-grub

A
  • can be used to update a GRUB2 configuration after changes to /etc/default/grub have been made
  • same results as running grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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217
Q

GRUB Legacy: [A] key

A

append options to the kernel boot line

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218
Q

GRUB Legacy: [C] key

A

open up the GRUB command lilne

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219
Q

GRUB Legacy: [ESC] key

A

escapes out of any GRUB menu

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220
Q

GRUB Legacy: Arrow Keys

A

used to highlight an option in the GRUB menu

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221
Q

RHGB

A

Red Hat Graphical Boot

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222
Q

Setup (command)(hd0)

A

used to reinstall GRUB

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223
Q

GRUB2: [E] key

A

used to edit GRUB menu item

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224
Q

GRUB2: [Esc] key

A

go to previous menu item

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225
Q

GRUB2: Ctrl+x or F10

A

boots a selection or modified line

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226
Q

GRUB (legacy) /boot

A
  • ‘boot volume’ for GRUB
  • kernel and related files are stored here
  • kernel config file
  • kernel initrd (ramdisk) file
  • default boot message
  • system map file
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227
Q

/boot/grub

A

-Legacy GRUB configuration directory

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228
Q

menu.lst/grub.conf

A

GRUB options and builds the menu of choices displayed on boot

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229
Q

GRUB Legacy menu list:

deftault=[#]

A

determines the menu option that will be started if nothing else is chosen

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230
Q

GRUB Legacy menu list:

timeout=[#]

A

the amount of time, in seconds, you have to choose another option

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231
Q

GRUB Legacy menu list:

title [description]

A

text based description of the menu entry

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232
Q

GRUB Legacy menu list:

root [(hd#,#)]

A

hard drive device number and partition of the root drive (where the kernel is)

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233
Q

GRUB Legacy menu list:

initrd [/boot/initrd#.img]

A

path to the initial RAM disk image for the chosen menu entry

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234
Q

GRUB2: /boot

A
  • ‘boot’ volume for GRUB2
  • kernel config file
  • kernel initrd (ramdisk) file
  • default boot message
  • system map file
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235
Q

GRUB2: /boot/grub

A
  • compatibility with GRUB directory

- sometimes will contain splash image for the boot menu

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236
Q

/boot/grub2/grub.cfg

A

-combination of a number of files when the grub2-mkconfig utility is used

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237
Q

/boot/grub2/fonts

A

default and custom font for the GRUB2 menu

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238
Q

/boot/grub2/themes

A

themes for the GRUB2 graphical menu

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239
Q

/etc/grub.d

A

-numbered files that, when the grub2-mkconfig utility is run, all are concatenated to make the /boot/grub2/grub.cfg (menu) file

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240
Q

/etc/deftault/grub

A

file containing the GRUB2 specific configurations

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241
Q

grub2-install

A

installs GRUB2 to the indicated location

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242
Q

APT - Advanced Package Tool

A

-installs applications and their dependencies
-remove applications
-updates and upgrades packages
-reads /etc/apt/sources.list
directs installation and uninstallation of packages to dpkg

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243
Q

/etc/apt/sources.list

A

configuration file that lists out repository locations for packages

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244
Q

apt-get update (command)

A

updates the local apt cache with a listing of packages that can be updated/upgraded and installed

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245
Q

apt-get upgrade (command)

A

upgrades the packages that have updates available

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246
Q

apt-get install (package name)

A

installs a package from the repositories in the sources.list file

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247
Q

apt-get remove (package name)

A

removes package from the system but any config files that came with the package will be left behind

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248
Q

apt-get purge (package name)

0r dpkg –purge

A

removes the package from the system and any associated configuration files

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249
Q

apt-get dist-upgrade

A

upgrades all packages on the system up to the next release of the distro

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250
Q

apt-get download (-d) (package name)

A
  • downloads the package and places in /var/cache/apt/archives
  • does not install it
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251
Q

Shared Library

A
  • files containing functionality that other applications can use
  • files can end in a ‘.so’ extension - for ‘shared object’
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252
Q

Shared Libraries are found here

A

-/lib
-/usr/lib (32 bit)
-/usr/lib64 (64 bit)
/usr/local/lib
-/usr/share

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253
Q

Two types of library files

A
  • dynamic - ends in.so

- statically linked - ends in .a

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254
Q

ldd

A

prints out shared object library dependencies

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255
Q

ldconfig

A
  • configures dynamic linker run-time bindings

- creates a cache based on library directories and can show you what is cached

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256
Q

/etc/ld.so.conf

A

configuration file that points to directories and other configuration files that hold references to library directory locations

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257
Q

LD_LIBRARY_PATH

A

Legacy environment variable that points to a path where library files can be read from

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258
Q

Shared Libraries: Soft links

A

where specific library versions are linked to a more generic name

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259
Q

Static linking

A
  • application contains a full copy of the library that is used
  • application will have exact library version it expects with known interfaces
  • size is a disadvantage
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260
Q

Dynamic linking

A
  • application uses the library externally using ‘stubs’, the library is installed on the OS itself but not installed with the app
  • size is an advantage
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261
Q

ld.so

A

any time an app needs to use a shared library, the ld.so is called
-known as ‘dynamic linker’

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262
Q

Repository

A

remote location that you can download and install packages from using any of the package management tools

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263
Q

/etc/apt/sources.list.d

A
  • files that define one or more remote repository locations for package download and installation
  • each may contain lines for both packages and another for package resources
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264
Q

apt-get

A

Package manager that can install, reinstall or remove packages and all their dependencies at the
same time

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265
Q

apt-cache

A

allows you to interact with the cache of available packages from all configured repositories

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266
Q

apt-cache search [value]

A

search for packages matching the indicated value

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267
Q

apt-cache show [packagename]

A

show available information about the indicated package

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268
Q

apt-cache showpkg [packagename]

A

additional technical information about the package

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269
Q

aptitude and synaptic

A
  • similar to apt and uses it in the background

- has a graphical front end

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270
Q

dpkg package

A
  • application or utility
  • default configuration files
  • how and where to install files
  • listing of dependencies the package requires
  • apt handles the dependencies
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271
Q

dpkg –info [packagename] or

dpkg -I (capital i)

A

displays package contents

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272
Q

dpkg –status [packagename]

A

abbreviated display of the –info option

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273
Q

dpkg -l [packagename or partial name]

A

lists out package(s) that match the string provided

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274
Q

dpkg -i (–install) [packagename]

A
  • will install the indicated package name

- fail if there are missing dependencies

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275
Q

dpkg -L (–listfile) [packagename]

A

list all files that were installed with the indicated package

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276
Q

dpkg -r (–remove) [packagename]

A

removes the package’s files but any configuration files and directories will be left alone

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277
Q

dpkg -P (–purge) [packagename]

A

removes the package’s files AND and configuration files and directories associated with it

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278
Q

dpkg -S (–search) [filename]

A

search for the indicated installed file within the package database for all mentions of the file or string

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279
Q

dpkg-reconfigure [packagename]

A

allows for modification of a package by re-running the application’s configuration tool

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280
Q

dpkg –force-reinstreq [packagename]

A

allows you to force the removal of a package marked as requiring install

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281
Q

dpkg –force-depends [packagename]

A

used with -i to force the install of a package with missing dependencies

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282
Q

dpkg –force-conflicts [packagename]

A
  • used with -i to force install a package with conflicting dependencies
  • forcing installations may leave system unusable
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283
Q

yum (Yellowdog Updater, Modified)

A
  • originally used for Yellowdog Linux distro
  • handles RPM package dependencies
  • installs, upgrades, removes packages
  • RHEL, CentOS, Scientific LINUX
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284
Q

yum setup

A
  • global yum config options are set in /etc/yum.conf

- reads repository information from /etc/yum.repos.d/

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285
Q

zypper

A

-RPM package manager for SUSE Linux

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286
Q

zypper repos (command)

A

will list out the individual repositories that zypper uses for install and upgrade of packages

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287
Q

zypper install vim (command)

A

will install the vim package

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288
Q

DNF - Dandified yum

A
  • used in Fedora
  • future replacement for yum in Red Hat
  • uses same command syntax as yum
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289
Q

yum update/upgrade

A

will read the configured repositories and local cache, and upgrade all installed system apps

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290
Q

yum search

A

searches the yum repositories for specified package

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291
Q

yum info

A

lists information about a specified package

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292
Q

yum clean all

A

cleans up all of yum’s cache information and it’s local database file

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293
Q

basurl line within the repo file

A

web address that indicates where packages are downloaded from

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294
Q

yum install [packagename]

A
  • installs a specified package and all of its dependencies

- -downloadonly will just download the indicated package

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295
Q

yum remove

A

uninstalls a package and leaves dependencies behind

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296
Q

yum autoremove

A

-uninstalls a package and its dependencies

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297
Q

yum whatprovides

A

find out what package provides a specified file name

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298
Q

yum reinstall

A

reinstalls a specified package

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299
Q

/etc/yum.conf

A

default yum config file. may contain some repository definitions

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300
Q

/etc/yum.repos.d

A

individual ‘*.repo’ files containing the location and options for remote repositories

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301
Q

/var/log/yum.log

A

default yum transaction log file

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302
Q

yum –enablerepo [reponame]

A

enable a disabled repo for the current transaction only

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303
Q

/var/cache/yum/[architecture]/[version]/base/packages

A

directory the package will be downloaded to

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304
Q

-y on a yum command

A

will skip affirmation step

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305
Q

yumdownloader

A

allows you to download a package only, but provides additional functionality

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306
Q

yumdownloader –source

A

download only source RPM

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307
Q

yumdownloader –urls

A

display the URL of the files without downloading

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308
Q

yumdownloader –destdir

A

allows you to indicate the directory to store the package download

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309
Q

yumdownloader –resolve

A

includes any dependencies

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310
Q

.rpm package

A
  • application or utility
  • default config files
  • how and where to install the files that come with the package
  • listing of dependencies the package requires
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311
Q

rpm -qpi

A
  • displays information on a package

- same as yuminfo

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312
Q

rpm -qpl

A

list files in a package

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313
Q

rpm -qa or yum list installed

A

lists out all installed packages

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314
Q

rpm -i

A

installs a specified package

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315
Q

rpm -U

A

upgrades an installed package

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316
Q

rpm -e

A

uninstalls a package

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317
Q

rpm -Va

A

verify all installed package

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318
Q

rpm2cpio

A

converts a .rpm file into a cpio archive file

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319
Q

/var/lib/rpm

A

RPM database directory

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320
Q

rpm –rebuilddb

A
  • rebuilds the local RPM database in the /var/lib/rpm directory
  • only performed by root
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321
Q

rpm -q [packagename]

A

shows all packages meeting the indicated values that are installed

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322
Q

rpm -qi [packagename]

A

-detailed information about an installed package

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323
Q

rpm -ql [packagename]

A

listing of all files in the package

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324
Q

rpm -qip [package.rpm]

A
  • show the appropriate details about a file NOT installed as named
  • will show information on a package before install
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325
Q

rpm –changelog [packagename]

A

display the changelog for the indicated package

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326
Q

rpm -qc [packagename]

A

display all configuration files for the indicated package

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327
Q

rpm -qRp [package.rpm]

A

show the requirements of the indicated rpm file

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328
Q

rpm -qf

A

will show the package that the indicated file dependency belongs to

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329
Q

rpm -K

A

validate for the indicated package

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330
Q

rpm –import

A

import the indicated keyfile from the package maintainer

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331
Q

rpm -v

A

print verbose information

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332
Q

rpm -h (–hash)

A

during activity, print a ‘status’ bar using hash ‘#’ character

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333
Q

rpm –force

A

option added during install or removal to force install/removal

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334
Q

rpm –replacefiles

A

option added during install, that replaces duplicate files

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335
Q

rpm -V

A

verify the integrity of a package

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336
Q

rpm -Va

A

verify ALL installed packages

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337
Q

rpm -Vac

A

verify ALL installed package config files on the system

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338
Q

rpm -F (–freshen)

A

will ONLY upgrade the indicated package if it’s already installed

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339
Q

rpm -e (–erase)

A

erases the indicated package name

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340
Q

Virtual Machine

A
  • emulation of a specific OS
  • share same physical hardware
  • isolated from hardware and communicates through Hypervisor
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341
Q

VM/Hypervisor Examples

A
  • KVM
  • QEMU
  • VMWare
  • Xen
  • VirtualBox
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342
Q

Full virtualization

A

guest system is not aware that it is a virtual machine

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343
Q

paravirtualization

A
  • guest system is aware that it is a virtual machine, uses guest drivers
  • VMs perform better with guest drivers
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344
Q

dbus-uuidgen or dbus-uuidgen –get

A

ensures that each running kernel interacts with a system that has a unique ID

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345
Q

cloud-init (command)

A
  • used to ensure user data is completely new
  • creates new SSH keys
  • sets system’s default locale
  • sets system’s host name
  • sets up mount points
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346
Q

Cloud Virtual Machines

A
  • AWS
  • Azure
  • Rackspace
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347
Q

Container

A
  • isolated set of packages, libraries and/or applications that are independent from their surroundings
  • use shared OS
  • more resource efficient
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348
Q

Machine container

A

shares a kernel and file system with the host computer

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349
Q

Application container

A
  • shares everything but the application files and library files the application needs
  • useful on a web server
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350
Q

Container example

A
  • Docker
  • nspawn (systemd)
  • LXD
  • OpenShift
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351
Q

Linux Shell

A
  • bash is default
  • csh - C programming style syntax
  • ksh - KornShell includes elements of Bash and C
  • zsh - Z Shell includes elements of Bash and Korn
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352
Q

Environment Variable

A

settings that dictate common functionality and locations

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353
Q

env

A

command that displays environment variables except shell settings

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354
Q

echo

A

versatile command that can be used to print the value of a variable

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355
Q

set

A

displays shell settings or shell variables for the session

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356
Q

unset

A

removes a variable or custom bash function

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357
Q

shopt

A

displays shell options and their current settings

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358
Q

set -x

A

turns on debugging with the bash shell

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359
Q

set +x

A

turns off debugging

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360
Q

shopt -s (option)

A

to set or enable option

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361
Q

export (command)

A

used to export a variable to the current shell and any new shells started from the current shell

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362
Q

which (command)

A

-shows the full path of (shell) commands

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363
Q

type (command)

A

determines if something is a function, file, alias, built-in or keyword

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364
Q

“weak” quotes

A

double quotes will expand variables, but characters used for path substitutions or pattern matching will not be expanded

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365
Q

‘strong quotes’

A

inside strong or single quotes. nothing is interpreted

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366
Q

history (command)

A

shows most recently used commands

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367
Q

.bash_history

A

file located in user’s home directory that contains the previously run commands

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368
Q

HISTFILESIZE

A
  • environment variable that determines how many lines the bash_history file will contain
  • default is 500
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369
Q

Man page - Section 1

A

executable programs or shell commands

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370
Q

Man page - Section 2

A

System calls - functions provided by the kernel

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371
Q

Man page - Section 3

A

Library calls - functions within program libraries

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372
Q

Man page - Section 4

A

special files - typically found in /dev

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373
Q

Man page - Section 5

A

file formats and conventions

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374
Q

Man page - Section 6

A

games

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375
Q

Man page - Section 7

A

miscellaneous terms and conventions

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376
Q

Man page - Section 8

A

system admin commands

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377
Q

Man page - Section 9

A

kernel routines

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378
Q

man -k or

apropos

A

used to search man pages for a key word

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379
Q

man [section number]

A

pulls up a specific section of a man page

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380
Q

less

A

read-only text view

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381
Q

head

A

bring up first 10 lines of a file

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382
Q

tail

A

last 10 lines of a file

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383
Q

zcat

A

view gzip compressed text file

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384
Q

bzcat

A

view bunzip2 compressed text file

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385
Q

xzcat

A

view XZ compressed text file

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386
Q

nl (file)

A

prints the number of lines in a file

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387
Q

od

A
  • octal dump command

- print out file in octal or other formats

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388
Q

md5sum

A

calculates and checks a file’s hash based on MD5

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389
Q

sha256sum

A

calculates and checks file’s hash based on SHA-2 hash using 256 bits

390
Q

sha512sum

A

calculates and checks file’s hash based on SHA-2 hash using 512 bits

391
Q

/etc/bashrc

A
  • sourced script and is executed each time user logs in or they execute a non-login session
  • umask set for the whole system within this file
392
Q

~/.bash_profile

A
  • sourced script and is executed each time user logs in but only affects the environment for the user logging in
  • typically used to set environment variable specific to user
393
Q

~/.bashrc

A
  • usually called by the ~/.bash_profile’ script
  • will source /etc/bashrc file
  • used to customize shell prompt, keyboard shortcuts
  • umask set for individual user here
394
Q

~/.bash_logout

A

executed when the logout or exit commands are executed

395
Q

‘non-login’ session

A
  • when the root or other user uses su to become another user

- does not load full environment by default

396
Q

~ (character)

A

user home directory

397
Q

\ (character)

A

escape character

398
Q

Special character: $

A

identifies a variable

399
Q

? (character)

A

single character ‘wildcard’

400
Q
  • (character)
A

0 to n ‘wildcards’

401
Q

& (character)

A

send process to background returning the use of the shell to the user

402
Q

&& (character)

A

execute second command only if first is successful

403
Q

|| (character)

A

execute second command only if first is unsuccessful

404
Q

; (character)

A

execute multiple commands on the same line

405
Q

command exit 0

A

success

406
Q

command exit 1 or higher

A

failure

407
Q

set -o (option)

A

turns option on

408
Q

set +o (option)

A

turns option OFF

409
Q

/etc/profile

A
  • where PATH environment variable is initially set

- source script executed each time a user logs in

410
Q

HISTCMD

A

index of the current command

411
Q

HISTCONTROL set to ignorespace

A

command preceded by a blank space will not be recorded in history file

412
Q

HISTCONTROL set to ignoredups

A

two consecutive lines that are a duplicate will have one ignored

413
Q

sed (command)

A
  • ‘stream editor’ command

- commonly used to alter text in a file or replace words

414
Q

sort (command)

A

used to sort and/or merge lines of a file

415
Q

uniq (command)

A

removes consecutive duplicate lines of a file

416
Q

tr (command)

A

used to translate or swap characters in a file

417
Q

cut (command)

A

extracts columns or fields of data from a file

418
Q

paste (command)

A

merge lines of files

419
Q

split

A
  • command used to split a file into individual pieces

- each piece contains up to 1,000 lines by default

420
Q

sort -k [#] [filename]

A
  • sort at the start of the second delimited field

- delimiter by default is a space or tab

421
Q

sort -n [filename]

A

sort the file numerically

422
Q

nl -ba [filename]

A

will number all lines, even if the line is empty

423
Q

wc -l

A

number of lines

424
Q

wc -w

A

number of words

425
Q

wc -c

A

number of characters in bytes

426
Q

expand

A
  • changes tabs in a file to a specific number of spaces

- default is 8

427
Q

expand -t [#]

A

converts tabs to # of spaces indicated

428
Q

cut -c [#][-#] [filename]

A

will display only the column or range of column from the indicated filename

429
Q

cut -d [delimiter]

A
  • set the delimiter to use when dealing with fields

- default is TAB`

430
Q

cut -f [field] [filename]

A

identify the field numbers identified by delimiter to display from the indicated filename

431
Q

join

A

combines two files together but removes redundant fields

432
Q

join -t [character]

A

use the indicated character as the field separator

433
Q

uniq -u [filename]

A

print ONLY the unique lines in the file

434
Q

uniq -d [filename]

A

print an example of each line that is duplicated in a file

435
Q

uniq -D [filename]

A

print ALL instances of duplicate lines in a file

436
Q

head -n [#][filename]

A

display number of lines, beginning at the top, of the indicated file

437
Q

tail -n [#][filename]

A

display number of lines, beginning at the bottom, of the indicated file

438
Q

tail -f [filename]

A

to follow a file as new entries are created

439
Q

split -a [#]

A

when the split file(s) are created named them ‘x#’

440
Q

split -b [#][b/k/m]

A

new file(s) contain the indicated number of bytes/kilobytes/megabytes

441
Q

split - [#]

A

new file(s) contain the indicated number of lines of bytes

442
Q

split -l [#]

A

new file(s) contain the indicated number of lines

443
Q

cat

A

display a file, top to bottom,

444
Q

tac

A

same as cat, but in reverse by listing file bottom to top

445
Q

od -a

A

display ‘named’ binary file

446
Q

od -d

A

decimal format

447
Q

od -f

A

floating point format

448
Q

od -o

A

octal format

449
Q

od -x

A

hexadecimal format

450
Q

pr (command)

A
  • used to ‘format’ a source file or other text only files to be printed
  • adds a header with the date of the ‘job’, file, and pagination (page number) at the top
451
Q

pr – columns=[#]

A

format text data in the file into the indicated number of columns for printing

452
Q

pr – columns -a[#] (–across)

A

print columns across instead of down

453
Q

pr -d (–double-space)

A

double space the line output

454
Q

pr -h (–header) [text]

A
  • customizes the header text

- replaces the filename with the indicated text

455
Q

pr -t (–omit-header)

A

omits the header from the output

456
Q

fmt

A
  • used to format files for printing
  • limited to wrapping longer lines of output
  • commonly used with pr utility
457
Q

fmt -[#]

A

desired width to break each line at

458
Q

fmt -s

A

split long lines over 50 characters without filling

459
Q

fmt -40 mytext.txt | pr –columns=2

A

-split each line at 40 characters and prepare a printing with header in two neat columns

460
Q

tr ‘A’ ‘a’ < myfile.txt

A

translates all uppercase A to lowercase a

461
Q

[:upper:][:lower:] < [filename]

A

converts all uppercase to lowercase

462
Q

sed s/

A

substitutes what comes next

463
Q

g at the end of sed (command)

A

replaces ALL instances of the first value with the second

464
Q

sed ‘s/a/A/g’ filename.txt

A

replace every instance of lowercase ‘a’ with uppercase ‘A’

465
Q

-e in sed (command)

A

used to chain multiple filters together instead of using ‘;’

466
Q

sed -n (–quiet

A
  • suppresses the printing of ‘pattern space’

- can prevent lines from appearing multiple times

467
Q

more (command)

A

allows paginate paging through text files one screen at a time

468
Q

more -d

A

prompt to ‘space to continue’ or ‘q to quit’ at each screen

469
Q

more -num [#]

A
  • specify the screen size in lines

- default is 50 or the size of the terminal

470
Q

more -p

A

clear the screen before starting the first screen display

471
Q

less (space key)

A

moves to next full screen

472
Q

less (d key[#])

A

scrolls through the next number of lines indicated

473
Q

less (b key[#])

A

scrolls backwards through the next number of lines indiciated

474
Q

touch

A
  • create a file

- modify file’s time stamp

475
Q

file (command)

A

-used to determine file type

476
Q

rmdir

A
  • remove directory command

- will not delete directory with any content

477
Q

dd (command)

A
  • copies and converts files

- used to create files of arbitrary size and to back up disk drives

478
Q

tar

A

-wraps up files and folders into an archive file

479
Q

gzip

A

creates .gz compressed files

480
Q

gunzip

A

extracts .gz compressed files

481
Q

bzip2

A
  • command that creates .bz2 compressed files

- better compression utility in terms of size

482
Q

bunzip2

A

command that extracts .bz2 compressed files

483
Q

xz

A
  • command that creates .xz compressed files

- newer compression utility for files and directories

484
Q

unxz

A

command that extracts .xz compressed files

485
Q

ls -l

A

-long listing containing permissions, owner, size and date

486
Q

ls -a

A

list files including ‘hidden’ files

487
Q

ls -d

A

list just the directory without the files

488
Q

ls -i

A

display the inode numbers for the files or directories

489
Q

ls -h

A

‘human-readable’ format to filesizes and details

490
Q

cd ~

cd

A

home directory

491
Q

cd .

A

current directory

492
Q

cd ..

A

moves up one directory

493
Q

makedir -p

A

make all directories in the indicated path if they do not already exist

494
Q

globbing

A

wildcard or list character that makes one or more files based on an indicated pattern

495
Q

touch -t [date][filename]

A

sets the date/time as indicated for the file

496
Q

touch -r [referencefile][filename]

A

applies the indicated date/time in the ‘reference’file to the ‘filename’

497
Q

stat (command)

A

displays a file or file system status

498
Q

stat -f (–file-system)

A

display the file system status instead of file status

499
Q

stat -t (–terse)

A

display the information in terse short form

500
Q

cp -d

A
  • do not follow symbolic links

- just copy the link

501
Q

cp -f

A

-force overwrite if the file already exists

502
Q

cp -i

A

ask before overwriting an existing file

503
Q

cp -l

A

create a hard link to the original

504
Q

cp -s

A

create a symbolic link to the original

505
Q

cp -r (or -R)

A

recursively apply any options to other directories or subdirectories

506
Q

cp -x

A

do not include any files/directories from other filesystems

507
Q

mv -i

A
  • check to see whether the destination already exists

- will prompt to overwrite

508
Q

mv -u

A

do not overwrite the destination file or directory if it is newer than the original

509
Q

mv -f

A
  • do not prompt for directory entry changes

- often the default

510
Q

rmdir -p

A

removes all directories in a path as long as they are all empty

511
Q

rmdir –ignore-fail-on-non-empty

A

allows the removal of directories that do have files

512
Q

rm -r

A

recursively remove files and subdirectories

513
Q

rm -f

A

do not prompt for confirmation on deletion

514
Q

rm -i

A

prompt for every file/directory to be removed

515
Q

dd: if

A

image file or device used as input

516
Q

dd: of

A

image file or device used as output

517
Q

dd if=/dev/sda of =/dev/sdb

A

will back up the full /dev/sda disk to /dev/sdb

518
Q

find (command)

A
  • method for ‘finding files’ based on name or type

- can be costly of CPU and IO performance

519
Q

find [starting path]

A

where to begin the search

520
Q

find -[options]

A

what type of ‘thing’ to find

521
Q

tar -c

A

create the archive

522
Q

tar -t

A

displays the contents of the archive

523
Q

tar -x

A

extract the content of the archive

524
Q

tar -f

A

name of the file to create

525
Q

tar -j

A
  • compress/uncompress with bzip2

- best compression method

526
Q

tar -z

A
  • compress/uncompress with gzip

- most commonly used method

527
Q

tar -v

A

verbose messages

528
Q

tar -cvjf mybackup.tar.bz2 /home/user

A
  • creates a file called mybackup.tar.bz2 in current directory containing files from /home/user
  • compressed with bzip2
529
Q

cpio (command)

A

used by receiving input from a file or another command and sends the files to either standard output or a file

530
Q

cpio -o (–create)

A

runs in copy-out mode

531
Q

cpio -0 [archivefile]

A

creates the indicated file instead of using standard output

532
Q

cpio -d (–make-directories)

A

make leading directories if needed

533
Q

cpio -i (–extract)

A

extracts the content in copy-in mode

534
Q

cpio -I [archivefile]

A

use the archive file indicated rather than standard input from a command or file

535
Q

cpio -v

A

verbose messages

536
Q

gzip and gzip2 -r

A

recursive, include all files and directories

537
Q

gzip /home/user/myfile.txt

A

-would compress the /home/user/myfile.txt file, leaving /home/user/myfile.txt.gz in its place

538
Q

xz -z (–compress)

A

compress the file indicated

539
Q

xz -d

A

decompress the file indicated

540
Q

find (directory) -name

A

find files based on their name

541
Q

find (directory) -ctime

A
  • find files based on the time they were last changed

- default is by day

542
Q

find . -ctime -1

A

locate files that have been changed within current directory from the last 24 hours

543
Q

find (directory) -newer (file)

A

locate files whose timestamp is newer than the selected file

544
Q

file (directory) -empty -type f

A

locate empty files

545
Q

file (directory) -atime (file)

A

locate files based on their access time

546
Q

find (directory) -empty -type f -exec rm -f {} \;

A

find and remove empty files within current directory without prompting

547
Q

file (directory) -exec [command] {} \;

A

will act on the results of the find command

548
Q

[abc]

A
  • matches any one of the characters in the list

- case sensitive

549
Q

[^abc]

A
  • matches any one character except those in the list

- case sensitive

550
Q

[0-9]

A

matches a range of numbers

551
Q

Standard Output

A
  • bucket where all the output goes
  • > ,&raquo_space;
  • stdout
  • 1
552
Q

Standard Input

A
  • usually comes from keyboard entries
  • files and standard output from other commands can provide input to another command
  • stdin
  • 0
553
Q

Standard Error

A
  • usually written to the screen
  • stderr
  • 2
554
Q

Find option: group

A

files/directories belonging to the specified group

555
Q

Find option: user

A

files/directories belonging to the specified user

556
Q

Find option: iname

A

files/directories whose names match the indicated name

557
Q

Find option: mtime

A

files/directories matching the indicated modification time

558
Q

/dev/null

A
  • stderr is commonly redirected to a logging file or special device here
  • allows you to clean up errors from the normal standard output
559
Q

Redirecting Standard Error: find / -iname “*.sh” 2> /dev/null

A

-will display the results of the found matches without displaying error messages related to permissions

560
Q

Chaining Redirects:

sort < listfile | nl

A

redirect the ‘listfile’ as an input stream to the sort command, piping that output to the nl command to add line numbers

561
Q

Special combination:

find / -iname “*.sh” > /dev/null 2>&1

A

redirects standard error to standard output and the whole output stream is redirected to /dev/null

562
Q

tee (command)

A
  • accepts a standard input stream and sends one identical output stream to an indicated file
  • used to capture the output of an app but to also show the results on the screen
563
Q

find / -name “*.sh” | tee visibleresults.txt

A
  • find all files ending in .sh from root partition, piping those results as an input stream to tee
  • output sent to screen and visibleresults.txt file
564
Q

xargs (command)

A

takes an input stream of another command and feeds to another command as indicated

565
Q

find / -name “*.sh” | xargs ls -al > myresults.txt

A
  • find all files ending in .sh and xargs will take the output and feed to the ls -al command.
  • will then display the details of each file and redirect to myresults.txt
566
Q

ps (command)

A

lists process status of each running process on the system

567
Q

process

A

set of instructions loaded into memory

568
Q

ps -u (user name)

A

pull up processes running under a specific user

569
Q

ps -e

A

pull up every process running on the system for all users

570
Q

ps -eH

A

pull up running processes in a hierarchy view

571
Q

ps -e –forest

A

provides a full format listing which includes showing all arguments that a command is using while it is running

572
Q

Kill process from top command

A

Press (k) key, type in PID and hit enter

573
Q

top (command)

A

real-time monitoring of processes running on a system

574
Q

man signal

A

man pages for various signal states of running processes

575
Q

uptime (command)

A

view how long system has been up, how many users logged in, and CPU load average by last minute, last 5 minute, and last 15 minutes

576
Q

Load Average

A

average number of process that are either in a runnable or uninterruptable state

577
Q

free (command)

A

view used and available memory and swap space

578
Q

pgrep (command)

A

find process information based on process name

579
Q

kill (command)

A

send a signal to a process based on PID

580
Q

pkill (command)

A

send a signal to a process based on process name

581
Q

pkill -x (name of process)

A

used to only kill the exact name of a process given

582
Q

ps -a

A

display all running processes

583
Q

ps -x

A

display processes without an associated tty (terminal)

584
Q

ps aux

A
  • show all processes by any user, displaying the process owner and processes not tied to a terminal
  • same as ps -ef
585
Q

pstree (command)

A

show a tree view hierarchical ASCII display of running processes

586
Q

pstree -A

A

display the tree using ASCII characters

587
Q

pstree -a

A

display the processes including any parameters used

588
Q

pstree -p

A

show PIDs

589
Q

free -b

A

displays the memory in bytes

590
Q

free -k

A

displays the memory in kilobytes

591
Q

free -m

A

displays the memory in megabytes

592
Q

free -g

A

displays the memory in gigabytes

593
Q

free -h

A

displays in ‘human-readable’ format

594
Q

free -c (#) -s (#)

A

number of times to display the output and how many seconds between each output

595
Q

free -t

A

display a line showing each column totals

596
Q

free -l

A

display low and high memory statistics

597
Q

kill -1 (PID)

A

shutdown and restart the process

598
Q

kill -15 (PID)

A

terminate process

599
Q

kill -9(PID)

A

kill/stop/end/dump right now

600
Q

killall (command)

A

kills all instances of the named process

601
Q

pkill -signal (#)

A

send the signal number to the matched process

602
Q

pkill -t

A

match the indicated terminal/tty

603
Q

pkill -U

A

match the user ID

604
Q

pgrep -u root, apache httpd

A

will display any httpd process owned by root OR apache

605
Q

pgrep -u root apache

A

will display only processes owned by root AND apache

606
Q

watch (command)

A
  • runs a command at specified intervals

- used to monitor a command’s output

607
Q

screen (command)

A
  • terminal window manager that allows you to run commands in an isolated session
  • processes can run after logging out
608
Q

tmux (command)

A
  • terminal window manager similar to screen with extra features
  • -processes can run after logging out
609
Q

watch date

A

-displays current date and refreshes every 2 seconds by default

610
Q

watch date -n 5

A

changes refresh period to every 5 seconds

611
Q

screen: ctrl+a d

A

detach from screen session

612
Q

screen -r (session number)

A

attach to specific screen session

613
Q

screen -r

A

reattach to current screen session

614
Q

screen -ls

A

view active screen sessions

615
Q

End screen and tmux sessions

A

type “exit”

616
Q

tmux: ctrl+b d

A

detach from tmux session

617
Q

tmux ls

A

view active tmux sessions

618
Q

tmux attach-session -t(session number)

A

reattach to selected tmux session

619
Q

nohup (command)

A

command preceded by nohup receives signal 1 so that should a terminal window close, the process will still run as long as the login session is not terminated

620
Q

bg (command)

A

sends a job to the background while it keeps running

621
Q

fg (command)

A

brings a job that is in the background to the foreground

622
Q

jobs (command)

A

displays a listing of jobs that are in the background

623
Q

jobs display: [#]-

A

indicates the previous job or next to last job to be operated on

624
Q

jobs display: [#]+

A

indicates the current job

625
Q

priority

A

scheduling and priorities are what Linux uses to run multiple things on a single machine in a ‘multi-tasking like’ manner

626
Q

priority range

A
  • default is 0
  • any user can start processes with priorities 0 to 19
  • only root can start priorities from 0 to -20
  • only root can bring a priority number lower
627
Q

screen: ctrl+a c

A

open a new session

628
Q

screen: ctrl+a p

A

move back to previous session

629
Q

screen: ctrl+a n

A

move to next session

630
Q

screen: ctrl+a “

A

display a list of available sessions

631
Q

screen: ctrl+a x

A
  • lock the screen

- password prompt twice to unlock

632
Q

nice (command)

A

used to define a new nice level before an application is started

633
Q

watch -n 3 date &

A

-generate date every 3 seconds and place in the background

634
Q

nice -n 5 watch -n 3 date &

A
  • generate date every 3 seconds and place in the background

- priority level 5

635
Q

renice -n -1 (PID)

A

changes current priority to -1

636
Q

renice a process within top

A

hit “r” key then type PID and number to change to

637
Q

renice (command)

A

used to change the nice level of an application that is already running

638
Q

top d [#]]

A

run and update the processes display every ‘#’ of seconds

639
Q

top i

A

show only active processes

640
Q

top -b

A

run in batch mode

641
Q

top -c [#]

A

run ‘#’ of updates and exit

642
Q

top -b -n 5 > output.txt

A

will run top in batch mode and update 5 times, then write results to output.txt

643
Q

top: spacebar

A

immediate update

644
Q

top: h key

A

displays help screen

645
Q

top: i key

A

display or ignore inactive processes

646
Q

top: R key

A

sort process IDs from high to low

647
Q

grep (command)

A

used to find strings and phrases in files, streams and directories

648
Q

grep -c

A

count of matches found only

649
Q

grep -C [#]

A

encloses the string match with ‘#’ of lines of context

650
Q

grep -E [ext. regex]

A

use the indicated extended regular expression for finding a match

651
Q

grep -F [fixed regex]

A

use the indicated fixed regular expression for finding a match

652
Q

grep -H

A

displays the filename of each matching string or phrase

653
Q

grep -h

A

prevents the filename from being displayed

654
Q

grep -i

A

ignore case

655
Q

grep -l

A

show only the filename, not the matched string/phrase

656
Q

grep -L

A

show only filenames that do NOT contain a match

657
Q

grep -w

A

match only lines containing the whole string or phrase

658
Q

grep -x

A

show only exact whole line matches to the entire string or phrase

659
Q

grep -v

A

show only those lines in a file that do NOT match the string or phrase

660
Q

find / -name “*.sh” -exec grep -iH “modprobe” {} \;

A

find any file, recursively, starting in root and ending in .sh. grep would ignore case and display the file name matching content from files containing the word ‘modprobe’

661
Q

egrep (command)

A

-grep command without having to specify -E

662
Q

egrep ‘(bin|bash)’ /etc/passwd

A

would display any lines containing either ‘bin’ or ‘bash

663
Q

fgrep (command)

A
  • grep command without having to specify the -F

- allows for use of a file that contains one or more items to search for

664
Q

fgrep -f [itemfile]

A

use the indicated file as a list of items to search for in the file

665
Q

fgrep -f itemfile.txt searchfile.txt

A

will use the items in itemfile.txt as search parameters for all lines in the searchfile.txt and display the matches

666
Q

regex: .

A

match any single character

667
Q

regex: ?

A

match an optional item, but only once

668
Q

regex: *

A

match from ‘0 to n’ characters in a string

669
Q

regex: +

A

item MUST be matched at least once but can be matched more

670
Q

regex: {#}

A

match ‘#’ of times

671
Q

regex: {#,}

A

match ‘#’ of times, or more

672
Q

regex: {#,#}

A

-match between the first and second number

{3,10} would match between 3 and 10 times

673
Q

regex: < and ^

A

words that start with what comes after

674
Q

regex: > and $

A

words that end with what comes after

675
Q

regex: [aA]

A

words that contain either ‘a’ or ‘A’

676
Q

grep “d[iou]g textfile.txt

A

return words that start with ‘d’ and end with ‘g’ and have i, o, or u

677
Q

regex: [^o]

A

words that do NOT contain the letter

678
Q

grep “d[^o]g” textfile.txt

A

return words that start with ‘d and end ‘g’ and have any letter except ‘o’

679
Q

sed (command)

A

stream editor command can operate on files using regular expressions

680
Q

vimtutor

A

tutorial system for vim

681
Q

vi/vim

A
  • text editor available in Linux

- navigated by command mode, insert mode, ex mode (used for search/replace)

682
Q

/etc/vimrc

A

global vim configuration file

683
Q

/home/user/.vimrc

A

-user specific configuration for vim

684
Q

Vim Command Mode:
:number/nonumber
:nu/no nu

A

turn line numbers on the display on/off

685
Q

Vim: bottom of screen

A

-contains the full path to the file, number of lines, size of the file, current line and column and current cursor position

686
Q

Vim: i

A

invokes insert mode

687
Q

Vim: I

A

move to the beginning of the current line and invoke ‘insert mode’

688
Q

Vim: a

A

place cursor one character to the right of the current position and invoke ‘insert mode’

689
Q

Vim: A

A

move cursor to the end of the current line and invoke ‘insert mode’

690
Q

Vim: o

A

insert a new line under the current line, place the cursor in the first position on the new line in ‘insert mode’

691
Q

Vim: O

A

insert a new line above the current line, place the cursor in the first position of the new line in ‘insert mode’

692
Q

Vim: cw

A

change the word at the current position

693
Q

Vim: cc

A

change the line at the current position

694
Q

Vim: c$

A

change from the current position at the end of the line

695
Q

Vim: r

A

replace the character at the current position

696
Q

Vim: R

A

replace text on the same line until you escape the ‘insert mode’ or until you reach end of line

697
Q

Vim: x

A

delete the character after the cursor

698
Q

Vim: X

A

delete the character before the cursor

699
Q

Vim: dw

A

delete the word after the cursor

700
Q

Vim: dd

A

delete the entire line the cursor is on

701
Q

Vim: D

A

delete the text from the current cursor to the end of the line

702
Q

Vim: dL

A

delete the text from the current cursor to the end of the current screen

703
Q

Vim: dG

A

delete the text from the current cursor to the end of the file

704
Q

Vim: d^

A

delete all text from the beginning of line to the current cursor

705
Q

Vim: u

A

undo the last operation/change

706
Q

Vim: yy

A
  • copy the current line to the buffer

- also called yank

707
Q

Vim: yw

A

copy the current cursor to end of current word

708
Q

Vim: p

A

paste the contents of the buffer after the cursor

709
Q

Vim: P

A

paste the contents of the buffer before the cursor

710
Q

Vim :e!

A

undo ALL changes since the last time the file was saved

711
Q

Vim :w

A

write/save the file

712
Q

Vim :q

A

quit the editor

713
Q

Vim :q!

A

quit without saving

714
Q

Vim :x

A

shortcut for save and exit

715
Q

Vim: ZZ

A

shortcut for save and exit

716
Q

Vim navigation: h

A

one character left

717
Q

Vim navigation: j

A

one line down

718
Q

Vim navigation: k

A

one line up

719
Q

Vim navigation: l

A

one character right

720
Q

Vim: ctl-u

A

move back one half page

721
Q

Vim: ctl-b

A

move back one page

722
Q

Vim: ctl-d

A

move forward one half page

723
Q

Vim: ctl-f

A

move forward one page

724
Q

Vim: ctl-G

A

show the name of the file, lines and position in % of the total file length

725
Q

Vim - Searching

A
  • must be in command mode
  • ”/” search from cursor forward
  • ”?” search from cursor back
  • “N” to move forward
726
Q

Vim - Replacing

A
  • must be in command mode
  • sed-like syntax
  • ”s” substitute in current line
  • “%s” substitute in entire file
  • “g” will replace all occurrences
727
Q

:s/Mar/Apr/g

A

will replace Mar with Apr for all occurrences in the file

728
Q

Vim - :![cmd]

A

run the indicated command on the command line

729
Q

General order of preparing hard drive for use

A
  • Physical install or allocation for VM
  • partition the device
  • format the partition created with the chosen filesystem type
  • create a system mount point
  • mount the device/partition
  • add /etc/fstab if intended to be persistent
730
Q

IDE devices

A

/dev/hda then partition like /dev/hda1

731
Q

SATA/SCSI devices

A

/dev/sda then partition like /dev/sda1

732
Q

fdisk (command)

A
  • legacy command used to create partitions of the MBR (DOS) type
  • 2TB partition size limit
  • no ability to edit GUID drives
733
Q

parted (command)

A
  • modern command used to create partitions of MBR or GPT types
  • default unit is MB
734
Q

Partition ID 83(00)

A

standard Linux filesystems

735
Q

Partition ID 82(00)

A

Linux swap partitions

736
Q

Partition ID 8e(00)

A

Linux LVM Volumes

737
Q

gdisk (command)

A
  • command in the style of ‘fdisk’ that can be used to create GPT partitions on disks
  • capable of creating/modifying GUID tables
738
Q

/etc/fstab

A
  • Filesystem table file
  • single line mount config for local filesystems that are to be mounted on boot
  • what computer uses upon boot to locate where filesystems are
739
Q

tools used to create swap partitions

A
  • fdisk
  • gdisk
  • parted
740
Q

mkswap (command)

A

used to format partition to be used as swap space

741
Q

swapon (command)

A

enables swap partition or file

742
Q

swapoff (command)

A

disables swap partition or file

743
Q

2 ways to set up swap

A
  • swap file: impacts performance

- swap partition: less performance hit

744
Q

Primary partition

A
  • partition that is independent of any extended and logical partition
  • Numbered 1 through 4
745
Q

Extended partition

A
  • only one of these per drive

- like a ‘container’ for logical partitions

746
Q

Logical partition

A
  • partition within an extended partition
  • usually needed when there is a need for more than four partitions
  • Numbered 5 through n
747
Q

Swap partition

A

partition that is specifically formatted an dedicated to virtual memory in support of system memory exhaustion

748
Q

fdisk and gdisk Interactive options: p

A

display disk/partition summary

749
Q

fdisk and gdisk Interactive options: n

A
  • create a new partition
  • p to make primary partition
  • l to make logical partition
  • each partition defaulted as 83(00) type
750
Q

fdisk and gdisk Interactive options: t

A

change partition type

751
Q

fdisk Interactive options: w

A

write partition to disk

752
Q

Partition ID 85(00)

A

Linux extended

753
Q

Partition ID fd(00)

A

Linux RAID

754
Q

parted -l [device]

A

list A LOT of information about the indicated device and partitions

755
Q

parted interactive option: help

A

list commands available

756
Q

parted interactive option: mkpart [volume name] [begin] [end]

A

-create partition with the indicated volume name at the beginning value and ending at the end value

757
Q

Superblock

A
  • portion of the disk that can be read and contain filesystem information
  • typically stored on disk in first sector
  • first backup block for ‘ext’ filesystems
758
Q

Inode

A
  • associated with every file and directory
  • contains info about the file except the filename
  • includes a list of blocks that make up the file
  • number of inodes cannot be changed after filesystem creation
759
Q

ls -i /var/log/messages

A

will display the inode of the /var/log/messages file

760
Q

df -i

A

show the inodes that are available, used and free on the mounted filesystems

761
Q

filesystem type: ext2

A

Linux extended filesystem (legacy)

762
Q

filesystem type: ext3

A

Linux extended filesystem with journaling

763
Q

filesystem type: ext4

A
  • Linux extended filesystem with journaling

- performance enhancements over ext3

764
Q

filesystem type: ReiserFS

A

one of the first filesystems to introduce journaling and offer dynamic resizing capabilities

765
Q

filesystem type: btrfs

A

builds on ReiserFS features while adding additional admin features while increasing performance

766
Q

filesystem type: iso9660

A

filesystem specific to CD-ROM

767
Q

filesystem type: udf

A

filesystem specific to DVD

768
Q

filesystem type: vfat

A

older DOS partition type

769
Q

Formatting a drive

A

process of preparing the size and structures on a partition and applying the filesystem type indicated

770
Q

mkfs (command)

A

-creates a new file system on a partition

771
Q

mkfs -t [fstype] [device/partition]

A

creates the indicated filesystem type on the chosen disk partition

772
Q

mkfs -b [#]

A
  • creates the filesystem with the indicated block size

- default - 4096

773
Q

mkfs -m {#]

A

percentage of space reserved for ‘root’ user

774
Q

mkfs -L [label]

A

set the partition volume label

775
Q

mkfs -O

A

additional options

776
Q

mkfs -t ext4 -b 8192 -m 10 -L LargeData -O sparse_super /dev/sde4

A

create an ‘ext4’ partition, with a block size of ‘8192’, reserving 10% for root use and using the ‘sparse_super’ option

777
Q

mkfs. [fstype]

A

equivalent command for each filesystem type to format the indicated partition

778
Q

mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda3

A

will create the ext3 filesystem on the /dev/sda3 partition

779
Q

mke2fs

A

equivalent command for making an ext2/3/4 filesystem

780
Q

mkraid

A

creates a RAID array set from the indicated disks

781
Q

mknod

A

create ‘special’ files

782
Q

mkisofs

A

create ISO filesystem for burning CD-ROM

783
Q

File Allocation Table

A
  • Linux can use Virtual File Allocation Table which allows for long file names
  • EFI boot partitions need to use a FAT partition
784
Q

exFAT - Extended File System

A
  • allows for files larger than 2GB in size

- primarily used for external disk drives, thumb drives

785
Q

ls -la /dev/(disk)/by-uuid/

A

displays the partition’s universally unique identifier (UUID)

786
Q

df (command)

A

disk free command that shows the available disk space on a file system

787
Q

df -h

A

human readable format of disk free space

788
Q

du (command)

A

command that displays the amount of disk space in use

789
Q

du -a

A

write counts for all files and not just directories

790
Q

du -c

A

produce a grand total

791
Q

du -h

A

print sizes in a readable format (K/M/G/TB)

792
Q

du -s

A

display only a summary for any argument

793
Q

du -sh /home/user/.bash*

A

provides a human readable summary of each file matching .bash* within the /home/user directory

794
Q

df -a

A

include all filesystems including ‘dummy’ filesystems

795
Q

df –direct

A

show stats for a file instead of a mount

796
Q

df –total

A

print a grand total

797
Q

df -l

A

include only local file systems

798
Q

df -t

A

limit listing to the indicated type

799
Q

df -lh –total

A

shows a human readable listing of all local filesystems including a total line at
the bottom

800
Q

debugfs

A
  • filesystem debugger

- can show a vast amount of information about the indicated partition

801
Q

debugfs /dev/sdb1

A

will show a lot of information about any selected file or folder on the indicated drive

802
Q

debugs: ?

A

show available commands

803
Q

debugs: cd [path]

A

change to the indicated path

804
Q

debugs: features

A

display the filesystem features

805
Q

debugs: logdump

A

display journal contents

806
Q

debugs: ls

A

shows contents of current directory

807
Q

debugs: pwd

A

shows working directory

808
Q

debugs: open

A

open a filesystem for debugging

809
Q

debugs: stats

A

show stats for the filesystem

810
Q

debugs: undelete

A
  • undeletes a file

- MUST be used immediately after deleting a file

811
Q

debugs: quit

A

exit

812
Q

fsck (command)

A
  • file system check
  • invoked in command line
  • configured in /etc/fstab
  • devices must be unmounted before running check
813
Q

e2fsck (command)

A
  • file system check utility for ext2, ext3, and ext4 file systems
  • can be used to replay the file system’s journal
814
Q

e2fsck -f

A

force a check to rerun even if report comes back clean

815
Q

e2fsck -p

A

automatically repair anything it finds without prompting

816
Q

reiserfsck (command)

A

check ‘ReiserFS’ filesystem types

817
Q

dosfsck (command)

A

check DOS filesystem types

818
Q

fsck -A

A

fsck will iterate through the /etc/fstab file and check all filesystems

819
Q

fsck -C

A

display hash/mark progress bar

820
Q

fsck -N

A

dry run, makes no changes but displays what would have been done

821
Q

fsck -V

A

verbose output

822
Q

fsck -a

A

-does not prompt for confirmation

823
Q

fsck order of events

A
  • check inodes, blocks, sizes
  • check directory structure
  • check directory connectivity
  • check file/directory reference counts
  • check group summary info
824
Q

tune2fs (command)

A

-utility used to adjust parameters on an ext2, ext3, and ext4 file system

825
Q

tune2fs -c [#]

A

set the maximum number of times a filesystem can be mounted for an fsck to happen automatically

826
Q

tune2fs -e [option]

A

modifies the behavior of the filesystem with the indicated option

827
Q

tune2fs -g [groupname]

A

add the indicated group as potential users of the reserved space on a filesystem

828
Q

xfsprogs

A

tools and utilities for XFS filesystems

829
Q

xfs_check

A

XFS filesystem equivalent to fsck for checking filesystem

830
Q

xfs_repair

A

XFS filesystem equivalent to fsck for repairing filesystem

831
Q

xfs_metadump

A

creates debugging information that can be used by a third party to aid in recover of an XFS filesystem when the repair has failed

832
Q

xfs_growfs

A

used to grow an XFS filesystem

833
Q

xfs_fsr

A
  • reorganizes data stored in blocks in an XFS file system.

- similar to running a defrag utility on a Windows file system

834
Q

xfs_db

A

utility used to debug an XFS file system

835
Q

/media

A

‘parent’ directory that is often used for ‘removable’ filesystems (CDs/DVDs)

836
Q

/mnt

A

‘parent’ directory that is often used for mounting disk/partitions that are NOT part of the filesystem install

837
Q

blkid (command)

A
  • used to obtain the UUID for the local disk partitions

- will also display disk labels

838
Q

mount -a

A

mount all filesystems in /etc/fstab

839
Q

mount -f

A

fake mount all filesystems in /etc/fstab

840
Q

mount -r

A

mount the indicated filesystem in read only mode

841
Q

mount -o [option]

A

specify one or more options that are outside the defaults

842
Q

mount -w

A

mounts in writeable mode

843
Q

unmount (command)

A
  • unmounts the indicated filesystem

- filesystem can only be unmounted if not in use

844
Q

unmount /mnt/data

A

unmounts the /mnt/data directory from whatever device was mounted there

845
Q

unmount -f

A

-attempt to forcibly unmount the filesystem even if in use

846
Q

fuser (command)

A

if unmount indicates a filesystem is in use, this will tell which user is using it

847
Q

fuser -m [mount]

A

determine who is using the indicated mount

848
Q

Contents of /etc/fstab columns

A
  • device
  • mount point
  • filesystem
  • options
  • dump
  • fsck
849
Q

Octal Permission: 4

A

Read

850
Q

Octal Permission: 2

A

Write

851
Q

Octal Permission: 1

A

Execute

852
Q

Octal Permission: 0

A

No permission

853
Q

UUID

A

User ID for each user

854
Q

GID

A

Group ID for each user group

855
Q

symbolic permissions

A

permissions outlined as rwx

856
Q

numeric permissions

A

permissions outlined numerically

857
Q

Character before permissions: –

A

normal file

858
Q

Character before permissions: l

A

symlink

859
Q

Character before permissions: b

A

block device, hard drive, disk drive

860
Q

Character before permissions: c

A

character device- monitor, keyboards, mice

861
Q

Character before permissions: d

A

directory

862
Q

chmod

A

used to change permissions for files and directories

863
Q

ex: chmod 755 myscript.sh

A

set the permissions as ‘user read/write/execute’, ‘group read/execute’ and ‘other
read/execute’

864
Q

ex: chmod g=rx myscript.sh

or g+r-w+x

A

set permissions as group read/execute

865
Q

chmod -r

A

allows you to apply permissions to an entire directory structure

866
Q

ex: chmod 744 -R /home/user/data/*

A

Sets permissions for the all the files and directories within /home/user/data but
does NOT change the permissions of the /home/user/data directory itself

867
Q

chmod -c

A

report which files were changed

868
Q

chmod -v

A

show all files

869
Q

chmod -h

A

change only symbolic links, not the original

870
Q

chmod -f

A

ignore/don’t display error messages

871
Q

chown

A
  • change ownership of a file or directory

- . and : are symbolically equivalent

872
Q

chgrp

A

change the group ownership of a file or folder

873
Q

SUID

A
  • Set User ID
  • permits a user to access/run a program as if they were the OWNER
  • 4 value
  • u+s symbolic notation
  • files with an ‘s’ in the place of ‘x’ within user column
874
Q

Sticky Bit

A
  • permission has a ‘t’ in place of an ‘x’ in the other’s column
  • only allows the creator of a file to remove the file
  • g+s symbolic notation
875
Q

SGID

A
  • Set group id bit
  • files and folder’s with the s in place of the ‘x’ within the group column have this set
  • assigns group ownership to files
  • a+t symbolic notation
876
Q

umask (command)

A
  • shows the current umask settings and default value for the user
  • can be used to set a new umask value for the current shell session
877
Q

umask value

A

subtract the umask value from the default permission to get the current permission value

878
Q

Default (no umask) permissions: files

A

rw-rw-rw (666)

879
Q

Default (no umask) permissions: directories

A

rwxrwxrwx(777)

880
Q

dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

A

command used to reconfigure time zone data on an Ubuntu system

881
Q

symbolic link

A
  • shortcut from one file to another
  • small file containing its own inode and path to the original file
  • permissions cannot be modified
882
Q

ln (command)

A

used to create hard or symbolic link

883
Q

ln -s

A

creates symbolic link

884
Q

ex: ln -s myscript.sh yourscript.sh

A

creates a symbolic lnk called yourscript.sh pointing to myscript.sh

885
Q

ex: ln myscript.sh yourscript.sh

A

Creates a hard link (default) called ‘yourscript.sh’ point to the data in the inode pointed
to by ‘myscript.sh’

886
Q

ls -i [filename]

A

can be used to find all inodes/links for a file

887
Q

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)

A
  • Defines the directory structure and contents in Unix-like operating systems
  • data integrity is preserved
  • standard is maintained by the Linux foundation
888
Q

Linux Directory structure

A

-all files and directories appear under ‘root’ directory

889
Q

/bin

A
  • contains executable programs that the user can run

- LS, CD, PWD commands reside here

890
Q

/etc

A

host-specific configuration files, no binaries

891
Q

/etc/opt

A

config files for packages stored in /opt

892
Q

/etc/sgml

A

config files for software that processes SGML

893
Q

/etc/X11

A

config files for X Windows

894
Q

/etc/XML

A

config files for software that processes XML

895
Q

/run

A

run-time variable data, information about the running system since last boot

896
Q

/sbin

A

essential system binaries

897
Q

/srv

A

reserved for server applications

898
Q

/tmp

A
  • temp files

- not preserved between reboots

899
Q

/usr

A

contains its own set of the directory tree that closely mirrors root

900
Q

/usr/bin

A

non-essential command binary for all users

901
Q

/usr/include

A

standard include files

902
Q

/usr/local

A

tertiary hierarchy for local data, specific to host

903
Q

/usr/sbin

A

non-essential system binaries

904
Q

/usr/share

A

architecture independent shared data

905
Q

/usr/src

A

source code

906
Q

/usr/X11R6

A

older X Windows configuration

907
Q

/var/lib

A

state information

908
Q

/var/lock

A

lock files that keep track of resources in use

909
Q

/var/log

A

log files

910
Q

/var/mail

A

mailbox files

911
Q

/var/opt

A

variable data from add-on packages stored in /opt

912
Q

/var/run

A

run-time variable data

913
Q

/var/spool

A

spool for tasks waiting to be processed

914
Q

/var/tmp

A

Temporary files to be preserved between restarts

915
Q

SIGHUP signal

A

1

916
Q

/etc/default/grub

A

where you can make manual changes to GRUB2

917
Q

du -sh

A

human readable summary of space being used in current directory

918
Q

du -h –max-depth=[#] [directory]

A

-provides a summary of usage by the specified number of files/folders within the directory

919
Q

du –inode

A

list inode usage information instead of block usage

920
Q

top: ‘u’ key

A

pulls up processes for a user after typing in the user name

921
Q

Commands that will show you full path to an application

A
  • type -P

- which

922
Q

/dev/sdd3

A

third partition on the fourth SATA disk

923
Q

less: to scroll down

A
  • Down arrow
  • Page Dn key
  • ‘j’ key
924
Q

less: to scroll up

A
  • Up arrow
  • Page Up
  • ‘k’ key
925
Q

less: to search

A

type in desired text

926
Q

/var/log/secure

A
  • will create a new entry when someone logs into the system

- only readable by root

927
Q

Parse a file containing regular expressions

A

grep -E -f [filename]

egrep -f [filename]

928
Q

pgrep -a

A

list the full command line as well as the process ID

929
Q

tmux (command)

A
  • modern terminal window manager like ‘screen’ with extra features
  • process will stay running after logging out
930
Q

apt autoremove

A

-used to remove packages that were auto installed for packages no longer needed

931
Q

locate (command)

A
  • searches local database of files and folders looking for items that match
  • database needs to be updated to keep track of changes
932
Q

updatedb (command)

A

updates the database that the locate command uses

933
Q

whereis (command)

A

command locates binary, source, and/or manual pages for a command

934
Q

locate -i

A

ignore case on the file being searched for

935
Q

/etc/updatedb.conf

A
  • configuration file for the updatedb command

- contains full or partial filenames to ignore or ‘prune’ from database updates

936
Q

which -a [command]

A

display all matches in the PATH, in the order they would run/appear

937
Q

whereis -b

A

searches for binaries

938
Q

whereis -m

A

searches for manual entries/man pages

939
Q

whereis -s

A

locates the source of a specified command name

940
Q

whereis -u

A

unusual or undocumented entries

941
Q

type -a

A

lists all variants of the indicated command

942
Q

find -perm -[####]

A

find matching files by indicated permission

943
Q

uniqu -c

A

will list the amount of times a line appears consecutively in a file

944
Q

uniq –group

A

show all items, separating groups with an empty line

945
Q

sort -u

A

will remove any duplicate lines in a file

946
Q

`example:

cat list.csv | tr ‘,’ ‘:’

A

-Print out the file with colons replacing commas

947
Q

example:

cat list.csv | tr -d ‘,’

A

Print out the file without showing the commas

948
Q

/etc/mke2fs.conf

A

configuration file used by mke2fs command when creating ext file systems

949
Q

xfs_db: frag

A

will check on the filesystem’s fragmentation

950
Q

xfs_db: freesp

A

will show how much free space is on the particular device

951
Q

find . -atime -2

A

-pulls list of files accessed in the last 48 hours

952
Q

touch -m [filename]

A

change modification time

953
Q

locate -A [option1] [option2]

A

used to locate patterns that match all options

954
Q

locate -c

A

count the number of files that match the given pattern

955
Q

dpkg –get-selections

A

to list out every package installed on a Debian system

956
Q

dpkg-query -S [pathname]

A

to find out which package owns a specific file

957
Q

apt-file

A

utility used for searching for searching for files inside packages

958
Q

fdisk -l /dev/sda

A

command used to locate the boot partition

959
Q

ssh-keygen

A

used to generate a public and private SSH key pair when accessing remote, cloud-based systems

960
Q

ssh-copy-id

A

used to copy a system’s public SSH key to a remote system to facilitate remote authentication

961
Q

ldconfig -v

A

display the library version numbers, name of each directory and the links that are created

962
Q

ldd -u (–unused)

A

prints the unused dependencies if they exist

963
Q

Location of menu entries for GRUB

A

GRUB: /boot/grub/grub.cfg

GRUB Legacy: /boot/grub/menu.lst

964
Q

locate -e

A

print only entries that pull existing files at the time the command is run

965
Q

/var/lib/dbus/machine-id

A
  • location of dbus id

- symbolically linked to /etc/machine-id

966
Q

unset -f (name of function)

A

used to remove a function

967
Q

shopt -u (option)

A

to disable an option

968
Q

Non-Special Characters in Basic Regular Expressions

A
  • ?
  • +
  • { }
  • |
  • ()
  • Must be escaped with \
969
Q

Reach runlevel 1 (SysV)

A

telinit 1, s, or S

970
Q
  • kill -l

- man 7 signal

A

method of pulling up kill signals

971
Q

Most common kill signals

A
  • 1 Sighup
  • 9 Sigkill
  • 15 Sigterm

LPIC 1 (2 decks)

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