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Medicine and morality in the human body > 101 > Flashcards

101 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Right to Life?

A

The principle that every human being inherently deserves to live and should not be unjustly killed.

This right influences debates on capital punishment, abortion, and euthanasia.

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2
Q

What are the moral and ethical implications of the Right to Life?

A

Debate on whether society should protect life at all costs or allow individuals some autonomy over their death.

Different religious and philosophical views impact this perception.

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3
Q

What is the religious perspective on the Right to Life?

A

Many religious groups, especially Christians, believe life is sacred as it is a gift from God.

Genesis 1:27 supports this belief.

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4
Q

What is the Non-Religious Perspective on the Right to Life?

A

Secular views may emphasize quality of life and personal autonomy, suggesting the right to die should be considered in cases of extreme suffering.

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5
Q

Define the Right to Die.

A

The concept that individuals should have the autonomy to end their life or undergo assisted dying, particularly in cases of terminal illness or unbearable suffering.

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6
Q

What are the moral debates surrounding the Right to Die?

A

Supporters advocate for autonomy and reducing suffering, while opponents emphasize the sanctity of life and risks of abuse.

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7
Q

What is the Sanctity of Life?

A

The belief that life is inherently valuable and sacred, often tied to religious beliefs that God created and sustains life.

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8
Q

What are key points of the Sanctity of Life?

A
  • Life has intrinsic value
  • Opposes practices like euthanasia and abortion
  • Supported by religious texts like the Ten Commandments

Exodus 20:13 states ‘Thou shalt not kill’.

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9
Q

What are arguments against the Sanctity of Life?

A

Critics argue that focusing on sanctity disregards quality of life in cases marked by suffering with no hope of improvement.

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10
Q

Define Personal Autonomy.

A

The right of individuals to make decisions about their own body and medical treatment, including refusing life-prolonging measures.

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11
Q

What is the ethical importance of Personal Autonomy?

A

Central to modern medical ethics, respecting patient consent and aligning with the principle of bodily integrity.

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12
Q

What challenges can arise from Personal Autonomy?

A

Conflicts with religious or societal norms, particularly on issues like euthanasia or abortion.

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13
Q

What is Divine Command Theory?

A

Moral decisions are based on God’s commands as revealed in sacred texts; actions are right if commanded by God.

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14
Q

What are the challenges of Divine Command Theory?

A

Differences in interpretation of religious texts can lead to varying moral conclusions, even within the same faith.

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15
Q

Define Utilitarianism.

A

A philosophy suggesting actions are morally right if they result in the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

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16
Q

Who are key figures associated with Utilitarianism?

A
  • Jeremy Bentham
  • John Stuart Mill
17
Q

What is Act Utilitarianism?

A

Each act is evaluated individually for its potential to produce the greatest happiness.

18
Q

What is Rule Utilitarianism?

A

Adherence to general rules that generally promote the greatest good.

19
Q

What are the strengths of Utilitarianism?

A
  • Democratic
  • Considers consequences
  • Adaptable to complex scenarios
20
Q

What are the weaknesses of Utilitarianism?

A
  • Difficult to predict outcomes
  • Can justify harmful actions for overall happiness
21
Q

What are the applications of embryos?

A
  • Reproductive (IVF)
  • Research (stem cells)
  • Therapeutic (treating damaged tissues)
22
Q

What are the ethical debates concerning the use of embryos?

A
  • When life begins (conception, primitive streak, viability, birth)
  • Religious vs. secular views
23
Q

What is Voluntary Euthanasia?

A

The patient actively requests to end their life.

24
Q

What is Non-Voluntary Euthanasia?

A

Decision made when the patient cannot consent.

25
Q

What is Active Euthanasia?

A

Direct action taken to end life.

26
Q

What is Passive Euthanasia?

A

Withholding or withdrawing treatment to allow death.

27
Q

What is the legal status of euthanasia in the UK?

A

Euthanasia is illegal and considered murder or manslaughter.

28
Q

Which countries have legalized euthanasia?

A
  • Netherlands
  • Belgium
  • Canada
29
Q

What are the moral arguments in support of euthanasia?

A
  • Right to autonomy
  • Reducing suffering
  • Maintaining dignity
30
Q

What are the arguments against euthanasia?

A
  • Violates sanctity of life
  • Risks of coercion or abuse
  • Potential negative societal impact
31
Q

What is Palliative Care?

A

Relieving pain and improving the quality of life for terminal patients without attempting to cure the illness.

32
Q

What is Hospice Care?

A

A form of palliative care that provides holistic support during the last phase of a terminal illness.

33
Q

What ethical issues are associated with end-of-life care?

A

Balancing aggressive treatments with patient comfort and ensuring patient autonomy is respected.

34
Q

What is the significance of personal autonomy in medical ethics?

A

Patients should have the freedom to make informed choices about their medical treatment.

35
Q

How do Christian views on euthanasia differ from secular views?

A
  • Christian views prioritize sanctity of life and oppose euthanasia
  • Secular views prioritize personal choice and quality of life
36
Q

What does the UK Homicide Act 1957 state?

A

Defines murder and manslaughter, making euthanasia punishable.

37
Q

What is the British Medical Association’s stance on euthanasia?

A

Opposes euthanasia, stresses doctors’ roles in preserving life.

38
Q

Who is Peter Singer?

A

A Utilitarian philosopher who challenges the sanctity of life principle.

39
Q

What is Pope John Paul II’s view on euthanasia?

A

Strongly opposed euthanasia, considering it a violation of divine law.

Medicine and morality in the human body (1 decks)

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