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Chapter 10 Anatomy & Physiology > 10.1 - 10.3 > Flashcards

10.1 - 10.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of muscle

A

The transformation of chemical energy into mechanical energy to generate force , perform work , and produce movement

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2
Q

What four ways does muscle tissue maintain through various body systems

A

Body position , regulate organ volume , generate , and propel fluids and food matter through body systems

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3
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle and describe how it functions ?

A

Moves the bones of skeleton , and works in a voluntary manner. It’s function is controlled by neurons apart of the somatic voluntary division of nervous system , also control subconsciously sometimes

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4
Q

What does skeletal muscle look like?

A

Has striations alternating light and dark protein bands

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5
Q

Where is cardiac muscle located

A

Only the heart which forms most of the heart wall

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6
Q

Describe cardiac muscle appearance and function

A

Striated ; functions in an involuntary manner alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart and the heart beats

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7
Q

What is autorhythmicity

A

Natural pacemaker that initiates contractions

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8
Q

What controls the rate the heart beats ?

A

Hormones and neurotransmitters adjust the rate by speeding or slowing the pacemaker

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9
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue located ?

A

Walls of hollow internal structures , such as blood vessels , airways , and most of organs in the abdominopelvic cavity , skin attached to hair follicles

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10
Q

Describe the structure of smooth muscle tissue and how it functions

A

Nonstriated ; involuntary

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11
Q

What regulates cardiac muscle and smooth muscle tissue

A

Neurons that are alert of autonomic (involuntary) division of the nervous system , hormones released by endocrine glands

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12
Q

What are the four key functions of muscle tissue

A

Producing body movements , stabilizing body positions , storing and moving substances within the body , generating heat

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13
Q

What are examples of how muscle tissue contribute to movement and how they contribute to movement?

A

Walking , running , and localized movement rely on functioning of skeletal muscle , bones , and joints

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14
Q

How does muscle tissue stabilize body positions ?

A

Skeletal muscle stabilize joints and help maintain body position such as postural muscles and sustained contractions

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15
Q

How does muscle contractions store and move within the body ?

A

Ringlike bands of smooth muscle help move substances and store substance ( sphincters )

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16
Q

What are sphincters and their function ?

A

sustained contractions of ringlike bands of smooth muscle ; prevent outflow of contents of a hollow organ

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17
Q

What are some examples of how muscle tissue store and move substances within the body?

A

Storage of food in the in the stomach , urine in the urinary bladder ; (cardiac muscle contractions) pump blood through the blood vessels of the body ; ( smooth muscle contraction) adjust blood vessel dies meter and regulate the rate of blood flow , move to food and substances such as bile and enzymes ; (skeletal muscle contractions) promote the flow of lymph and aid the return of blood in veins to the heart

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18
Q

How does muscle tissue generate heat and why does it generate heat?

A

Used to mani tail normal body temperature ; ( involuntary skeletal muscle ) shivering increases the rate of heat production

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19
Q

What are the four special properties that enable it to function and contribute to homeostasis?

A

Electrical excitability , contractility , extensibility , and elasticity

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20
Q

What are action potentials ?

A

Cells that can respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called action potentials

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21
Q

What two cells have electrical excitability?

A

Muscle and nerve cells

22
Q

What are action potentials in muscles called ?

A

Muscle action potentials

23
Q

What action potentials are called on nerves

A

Nerve action potential

24
Q

What two main type of stimuli trigger action potentials ?

A

Autorhythmic electrical signals & chemical stimuli

25
Q

What examples of (1)autorhythmic electrical signals and chemical stimuli (2)

A

(1) in muscular tissue , heart’s pacemaker (1) hearts pacemaker
(2) neurotransmitters released by neurons , hormones distributed by blood , change of pH

26
Q

What is contractility?

A

The ability of muscular tissue to contact forcefully when stimulated by an action potential

27
Q

What happens when skeletal muscle contracts? And what is the reason behind the muscle shortening and movement occurring?

A

Generates tension ; the tension generated is great enough to overcome the resistance of the object to be moved

28
Q

What is extensibility?

A

Ability of muscular tissue go stretch within limits without being damaged

29
Q

What is elasticity ?

A

Ability of muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction

30
Q

What are your skeletal muscles composed of hundred of cells called?

A

Muscle fiber or Muscle cells

31
Q

What skeletal muscle contains ?

A

Connective tissues surround muscle fibers , and blood vessels and nerves

32
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer and what it is composed of?

A

Separates muscle from skin and composed of see place connective tissue and adipose tissue

33
Q

What is the function of the subcutaneous layer ?

A

Provides a pathway for nerves,blood vessels , and lymphatic vessels to enter and exit muscles

34
Q

What’s is the function of adipose tissue

A

Insulating layer that reduce heat loss, and protects muscles from physical trauma

35
Q

What is a fascia consist of , what does it look like and where is it located?

A

Dense sheet of irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs ; supports and surrounds muscles , hold muscles with similar functions together , allows free movement of muscles , carries nerves blood vessels and lymphatic vessels , fills spaces between muscles

36
Q

What are the three layers that extend from the fascia ?

A

Epimysium , perimysium , and endomysium

37
Q

What is the epimysium consist of and what layer it is ?

A

Consist of dense irregular connective tissue encircling the entire muscle ; outer layer

38
Q

What is the perimysium consist of ?

A

Consist of dense irregular connective tissue ; surrounds groups of 10-100 musicals fibers separated into fascicles

39
Q

What does the endomysium consist of and location?

A

Penetrates the interior of each fascicle and separates individual muscle fibers from one another ; reticular fibers

40
Q

What is the function of epimysium , perimysium , and endomysium?

A

Attaches skeletal muscle to other structures such as bone or another muscle ; form rope like tendons

41
Q

What is a tendon

A

Attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone

42
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Broad flat sheet

ex: epicranial aponeurosis

43
Q

What is the function of somatic motor neurons?

A

Stimulate skeletal muscle to contract

44
Q

What is the function of an a on in a somatic motor neuron? Where is it located?

A

Extends from the brain or spinal cord to a group of skeletal muscle fibers , each branch extends to different skeletal muscle fiber

45
Q

How does blood capillaries contribute to muscular tissue?

A

Bring in oxygen and nutrients and remove heat and waste products of muscle metabolism

46
Q

What chemical is synthesized during contraction ?

A

Muscle fiber synthesizes and uses ATP

47
Q

What substances are required in various reactions?

A

Oxygen , glucose, fatty acids , and other substances that are delivered to muscle fiber

48
Q

When does muscle fiber arise and from what type of cell?

A

Embryonic development & myoblasts

49
Q

What happens once fusion occurs?

A

Muscle fiber loses its ability to undergo cell division

50
Q

What is a sarcolemma & what structure is within the sarcolemma?

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle cell ; transverse tubules tunnel towards the center of each muscle fiber

51
Q

What is the function of transverse tubules & the composition of it?

A

Ensures muscle action potentials excites all parts of the muscle fiber at the same instant ; filled with interstitial fluid

52
Q

What organelles are present in the sarcoplasm

A

Mitochondrion, Myoglobin , Glycogen granules , nucleus

Chapter 10 Anatomy & Physiology (1 decks)

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