1006HSV Weeks 6 - 12 Flashcards
On census night in 2016, how many people reported being homeless?
a) 1 per 10,000 people
b) 10 per 10,000
c) 50 per 10,000
d) 100 per 10,000
c) 50 per 10,000 - 116,427 people in total.
What are the three levels of homelessness and explain.
Primary homelessness: without conventional accommodation (sleeping rough)
Secondary homelessness: Frequently moving from one temporary shelter to another (emergency accommodation, youth refugees or couch surfing)
Tertiary homelessness: accommodation that is below minimum community standards (boarding houses, caravan parks).
Which level of homelessness is intervention most crucial?
Tertiary - intervention at this level can prevent secondary and primary homelessness.
What is the definition of sleeping rough?
Spending the night in the open; to be without shelter or a home.
There has been a _____ % increase in homelessness among tertiary (university or TAFE) students in the last five years.
40%
What is the most common form of homelessness?
a) Supported accommodation
b) Boarding houses
c) Sleeping rough
d) Severely overcrowded dwellings
d) Severely overcrowded dwellings made up 44% of those experiencing homelessness.
What are the key structural factors that contribute to homelessness?
- access to affordable housing
- poverty and unemployment
- mental health, behavioural and substance misuse issues
- domestic violence
Fact or myth: Homelessness is a choice.
Myth: it is a misconception that people choose to be homeless. Homelessness is a result of structural disadvantage.
How does the World Health Organisation define health?
Complete physical, mental and emotional wellbeing and not merely the absence of illness.
Health is a basic human right. True or false?
True. It is stated in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Health in the modern Western world is dominated by what model?
The medical model of health which sits in the scientific paradigm.
What does the medical model of health focus on?
The physical and biological cause of certain illness/disease/condition.
Social determinants of health include:
- Education
- Unemployment
- Types of work
- Religion
- Social networks
When determining the health of a country, what three measures are used?
1) Life expectancy
2) Infant mortality
3) Health expenditure
Public hospitals are jointly funded by both state/territory and federal government using which model of funding?
Activity Based Funding (ABS)
What is Activity Based Funding?
Hospitals are funded according to the classified activities they undertake.
In 2015-16, Australia’s health expenditure was:
a) $170 million
b) $80 billion
c) $80 million
d) $170 billion
d) $170 billion
Name three reasons ATSI peoples do not benefit from mainstream health services (according to Artuso, Cargo, Brown and Daniel, 2013).
Could be any of these reasons:
- Health services are limited particularly in remote areas
- Poor communication by health professionals (has led to misinterpretation or misunderstanding)
- Negative past experiences leading to racism and mistrust of the health system
- Long wait times
- Lack of cultural sensitivity from health services
- Health system fails to address 200 years of dispossession, racism and discrimination.
During the 1960s and 70s, development in disability policy coincided with what movement, influencing normalizing theories about valuing people with a disability?
International human rights movement.
In 1974, which Australian prime minister began the campaign for a social insurance scheme that would eventually become the National Disability Insurance Scheme in 2013?
Prime Minister Gough Whitlam
Which government introduced the NDIS in 2013?
The Gillard Labour Government
Is the NDIS federally funded, state funded or jointly funded?
It is jointly governed and funded by both the Commonwealth and participating states/territories.
What is the main component of the NDIS?
Individualised long term funding to provide support for people aged under 65 years with a permanent and significant disability or eligible for early intervention support.
What will the NDIS cost and how many people is it expected to benefit?
The NDIS is expected to cost $22.1 billion per year and benefit 450,000 Australians with a disability.
How will the NDIS be funded?
An increase to the current Medicare level by 0.5% to 2% of individual taxable income currently paid by Australians and cost roughly $300 extra per year for the average Australian.
Who delivers the NDIS?
The National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA) which is an independent Commonwealth agency.
NDIS challenges:
- Unprecedented in Australia
- The rollout schedule means approving hundreds of NDIS plans per day
- It requires 70,000 additional dusability support workers
- Higher number of children taking up the scheme than anticipated
- Challenges with objectively defining “reasonable and necessary supports” determined by an assessor
- Reports of people missing out
The NDIA commissioned satisfaction survey (2018) identified what?
- Most people were satisfied with their supports
- Around 9% of respondents were dissatisfied with the supports
- Highest satisfaction scores came from families of children with a developmental or congenital disability
- Lowest satisfaction scores came from adults with an intellectual disability.
- Concerns were raised around staff skills, training, expertise and resources
In 1989, world leaders agreed on what convention?
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
What is the definition of a Convention?
“A formal agreement between country leaders, politicians, and states on a matter that involves them all” (Cambridge Dictionaries Online, 2015).
Is a treaty the same as a convention?
There is little difference - both have the same effect and treatment. However, treaties are often formed on a disagreement in order to settle it, whereby a Convention is an agreement on a significant issue relevant to all parties.
What does it mean when a convention is ratified?
The acceptance or confirmation of an agreement that was executed by the confirming party itself.
What was the aim of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child?
It was written to serve as a statement on the civil, political, economic, social and cutlural rights in order to protect them from a wide range of human rights abuses.
How many nations have ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child?
196 with exception to the USA are the only nation that do not wish to and have not ratified it.
What is the reason for the USA not ratifying the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child?
The USA argues that the Convention is ‘anti-family’ and ratifying it would undermine parents’ right authority and to raise and discipline theiry children.
According to Section 9 of the Child Protection Act (1999), harm can be caused by:
- physical, psychological or emotional abuse or neglect;
- sexual abuse or exploitation
AND harm can be caused by - a single act, omission or circumstance; or
- a series or combination of acts, ommissions or circumstances
The Royal Commission into Institutional Response to Child Abuse (as well as other state and territory inquiries) seek to do what?
- Investigate how institutes (schools, churches, sports clubs, government organisations) respond to allegations and instance of sexual abuse
- Understand experiences of the child abuse
- what contributes to child sexual abuse
- uncover where systems have failed to protect children
- make recommendations on how to improve law, policies and practices.
Name three of relevant legislation utilised by the Department of Child Safety in their work with children and families?
Could be any of the following:
- Child Protection Reform Amendment Act 2014 (Qld)
- Public Guardian Act 2014 (qld)
- Family Child and Commission Act 2014 (Qld)
- Education (General Provision) Act 2006 (qld)
- Public Health Act 2005 (Qld)
- Commission for Children and Young People and Child Guardian Act 2000 (Qld)
- Adoption Act 2009 (Qld)
- Family Law Act 1975 (Cth)
What types of adoptions are there?
- Known child adoption: the child is already known to the adoptive parent(s)
- Local adoptions: Adoption of Australian children not known to their adoptive parents
- Intercountry adoption: children adopted from countries other than Australia
How many adoptions were there last financial year 2017-2018?
a) 330
b) 500
c) 280
d) 1200
a) 330 - a 5% increase from 2016-17.
In Queensland, who is responsible for administering adoption legislation and providing services?
Adoption Services
On November 2nd 2016, Qld parliament passed what amendment bill?
Adoption and Other Legislation Amendment Bill (2016)
What are the objectives of the Hague Convention?
- Eliminate abduction, trafficking or sale of children, and to make sure intercountry adoptions take place in the best interests of the child.
In Australia, who has the authority to arrange overseas adoptions?
The Attorney-General’s Department is the Australian Central Authority for intercountry adoptions under the Hague Convention.
Is education a basic human right or a privilege?
Everyone has the right to education as stated in article 26 of the UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
Across the world there is approximately 61 million primary school age children and 60 million secondary school aged children out of school. What are the two main reasons for this?
1) Poverty
2) Armed conflict
How many primary school aged girls will never go to school (globally)?
17 million (compared with 10 million boys).
True or false: Education is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 15 years in Australia.
True
The Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) is responsible for what?
A national curriculum so there is consensus in education content across all states and territories in Australia.
Policies in education and disability need to meet which 5 categories of children with disability/s?
1) Intellectual learning disability
2) Psychiatric disability
3) Sensory/speech disability
4) Physically diverse disability
5) Acquired brain injury
In 2015, what percentage of children with a disability attended an educational facility?
81%
What are the key international, national and state laws relating to education and disability?
International - UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
National - Commonwealth Disability Discrimination Act 1992
State - Queensland Disability Services Act 2006
As legislated in the Disability Standards for Education 2005 policy, Australian schools are required to meet what expectations?
Schools are required to make reasonable adjustments to enable students with a disability to access and participate in education as the same basis as their peers.
The process for making reasonable adjustments under the Disability Standards for Education 2005 include what?
- Consultation with the student
- Consideration of whether the adjustment is necessary
- Identification of a reasonable adjustment
- Making the reasonable adjustment
What is ableism?
Discriminatory attitudes and practices arising from the perception that people with a disability are inferior to a person who does not experience disability.
What are some of the inherent tensions regarding disability and education?
- Social Justice versus Charity
- Inclusive Education versus Exclusion (Ableism)
- Equality versus Equity
What was the aim of the Safe Schools Program?
To assist schools to create a safe and more inclusive environment for for same-sex attracted, intersex and gender diverse students, staff and families.
Was the Safe Schools program voluntary or mandatory?
Voluntary - all program resources were optional and not a compulsory component of the curriculum. Schools had the choice to participate.
In February 2016, the Turnball government announced an independent review of the Safe Schools Program resources following parliamentary debate around appropriateness of the program. What were the findings of the review?
All of the resources were “consistent with the aims of the program and the Australian Curriculum, suitable, educationally sound and age-appropriate”.
The government’s response went beyond the recommendations and included what?
- Restrict the entire Safe School program to secondary schools
- Parental consent is required for students to participate
- Parental bodies must agree if their school will participate
- Cut funding for the program by mid 2017
What is a migrant?
A person who voluntarily leaves their country for a new country.
What is an immigrant?
A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country.
What is the difference between an asylum seeker and a refugee?
- An asylum seeker has fled from their country due to fear of persecution and has applied for protection in another country but has not yet been processed.
- A refugee has fled their country and cannot return due to fear of persecution and has been given refugee status.
Explain the Immigration Restriction Act (1901) or White Australia policy?
The policy provided preferential treatment for potential migrants based on their country of origin and created barriers for migrants from nations that were considered less desirable, such as China, the South-Sea Islands and other non-English speaking, non-‘white’ countries.
In 1966, Harold Holt introduced the Migration Act (1966). What did the legislation do?
Opened up migration to non-European people, however, suitability of migration was still dependent on the skill set of the migrant to match the skills required in Australia at the time.
What happened to the White Australia Policy in 1973?
Prime Minister Gough Whitlam abolished the final remnants of the policy taking further steps to ensure race is not a factor in immigration policy.
There are five types of visas under the Humanitarian program. What are they?
- Refugee visa
- In-country Special Humanitarian Program visa
- Global Special Humanitarian visa
- Emergency Rescue visa
- Women at Risk visa
True or false: it is illegal to arrive on boats to Australia seeking asylum, and people who do so are breaking the law.
False - Under the UN Refugee Convention (ahich Australia has signed), it is not illegal. They have the right to seek asylum in Australia.
What is the Pacific Solution?
The title given to the Australian policy of transferring asylum seekers to detention centres in island nations, rather than allowing them to land on Australia mainland.
What is the eligibility criteria for a work-related visa?
- Must be nominated by an employer
- Under 50 years of age
- Meet the skills, qualifications and English language requirements
- If eligible, you apply under the stream you were nominated
What are the two work visa options?
Skilled Nomination Visa
The Employer Nomination Scheme
InApril 2016, what happened to the Manus Island detention centre?
The PNG Supreme Court found the centre to be unconstitutional and ruled the detention centre breached the right to personal liberty and fundamental human rights, thus closing the centre down.
What does the Home Affairs Legislation Amendment Bill 2018 (now law) state?
The law now states that in the event of a refugee or asylum seeker requiring urgent medical assistance, two independent Australian doctor can recommend their temprorary transfer to Australia.
