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1004 Nursing knowledge, practice and policy > 1004 Final exam > Flashcards

1004 Final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the history of Nursing?

A
  • 1811 Sydney Hospital opened
  • 1868 Lucy Osborne established schools of nursing
  • Mid 1990’s Hospital based training
  • Since 1990 education for RN has been placed in the tertiary sector
  • 20 years to fight for nursing to become a proffession
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2
Q

What is nursing?

A

= the ability of nursing is to respond to peoples need for nursing within the rapidly changing environment in which health care depends on.

  • use of clinical judgement
  • to promote, prevent and protect disease and illness
  • advocate for patient rights
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3
Q

Infection control:

What is an infection?

A

= a disease or state that results from the presence of pathogens in or on the body.

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4
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

= a disease producing microorganism

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5
Q

What is a HAI?

A

= Hospital associated infection

= any infection that develops as a result of healthcare from which the patients was not suffering prior to admission.

  • Major growing issues with the most common as a UTI
  • most are preventable - under the care of the nurse
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6
Q

Iatrogenic infection ?

A

= infections that occur as a result of health care intervention

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7
Q

Colonisation

A

= sustained presence of replicating infectious agents on or in the body without the production of an immune response or disease and is a potential source of transmission.

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8
Q

what are the implications of HAIs?

A
  • longer time in hospital = longer time away from family
  • burden to healthcare system = financially
  • impact on social, physical, mental health of pt
  • using bed for longer = affecting hospital
  • increased recovery - more pain, discomfort and antibiotics
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9
Q

What is the chain of infection transmission?

A

= an infection occurs as a result of a cycle process consisting of 6 components

  1. Causative agent (infection agents)
  2. reservoirs
  3. Portal of exit
  4. Means of transmission
  5. Portal of entry
  6. susceptible host
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10
Q

Chain of infection transmission:

1. causative agent (infection agents)

A

Bacteria - most common for causing HAIs

  • shape - round, rod-shaped , spiral
  • reaction to gram stain - pos and neg
  • need for oxygen - aerobic and anaerobic

Virus - smallest of all microorganisms
- requires a living host cell to replicate

Fungi - plant like organism
- moulds and yeast

Protozoa - microscopic
- free living or parasitic in nature

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11
Q

Chain of infection transmission:

2. Reservoir

A

= habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows and multiplies including:

  • other humans
  • animals
  • soil
  • water
  • intimate objects
  • milk
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12
Q

Chain of infection transmission:

3. Portal of exit

A

= the way the pathogen leaves the body

  • respiratory tract
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • genitourinary tract
  • skin breaks
  • blood and other tissues
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13
Q

Chain of infection transmission:

4. Means of transmission

A

Contact

- direct, indirect
- contact with contamination 
- vectors (carries)

Airbone

- small particle areoles 
- dust, talking

Droplets
- coughing, sneezing, talking

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14
Q

Chain of infection transmission:

5. Portal of entry

A

= point where organism enters new host

  • urinary tract
  • respiratory tract
  • skin
  • gastrointestinal tract
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15
Q

Chain of infection transmission:

6. Susceptible host

A

= whether a person acquires an infection or not depends on their susceptibility to an infectious agent

  • age, nutritional status
  • stress
  • hereditary conditions
  • disease process
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16
Q

How does the body defend itself against infection?

A

1st line of defence
- mechanical barriers - skin, mucous membranes, cillia
- body secretions - saliva, sweat, tears, gastric juices,
bile, mucus
- Normal flora
- lymphoid tissue

2nd line of defence
- inflammatory response

3rd line of defence
- immune response (T and B cells )

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17
Q

What are the stages of an infectious disease?

A
  1. Incubation period = interval between entry of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms
  2. Prodromal stage = interval from onset of non specific signs to mores specific symptoms
  3. illness stage = interval where patient manifest mores specific signs and symptoms to the type of infection.
  4. Convalescence = interval where acute symptoms of infection disappear
    - length of recovery depends on severity of infection and patient
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18
Q

Ways to reduce spread of infection?

A 
standard precautions: 
- hand hygiene 
- use of PPE 
- safe use and disposals of sharps 
- routine environment cleaning 
- respiratory hygiene 
etc
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19
Q

Who regulates the profession of nursing?

A

= CO- REGULATION in australia

  • government
  • ourselves as nurses
    - registration
    - codes and guidlines
    - complaints and notifications
    - accreditation
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20
Q

What is AHPRA?

A

= Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency

  • regulates registered nurse standards of practice
21
Q

Sharing of patient information?

A
  • only divulge patient info on the need to know for the basis of your work
  • your responsibility is to remain confidentiality
22
Q

How are laws dealt with?

A
  1. criminal law
  2. civil law
  3. administrative law (FOI ACT 1982)
23
Q

What is a criminal law?

A
  • rules (laws) of behaviour with sanction of punishment related to other people and their property
  • crime against the state
24
Q

What is a civil law?

A
  • exists to resolve disputes between members of the community
  • family, industrial, property
25
Q

What is professional negligence ?

A
  1. The defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff
  2. the defendant was in breach of this duty by facility the standard expected
  3. the plaintiff suffered damage and loss as a result of the negligent
  4. the damage and loss was reasonably foreseeable consequence of the negligence

= the failure to take resonable care or preventative steps

26
Q

What is evidence based practice in nursing?

A

= involves the integration of individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research

27
Q

Why is evidence based practice important in nursing?

A
  • Is important because it aims to provide effective care that is available with the aim or improving patient outcomes.
  • Promotes an attitude of inquiry in health professionals and starts us thinking about: why am I doing this in this way
28
Q

Why is evidence based practice important in nursing?

A
  • Is important because it aims to provide effective care that is available with the aim or improving patient outcomes.
  • Promotes an attitude of inquiry in health professionals and starts us thinking about: why am I doing this in this way
29
Q

What is CARE in nursing ?

A
  • management of overall care of yourself, patient and people around you
  • commitment and thought to patient physically
  • interproffessional
  • in nursing code
30
Q

What is CARING in nursing?

A
  • sense of caring emphasises compassion or being concerned about another person
  • doing for others what they cannot do for themselves
  • fundamental to nursing practice
  • emotionally understands the patient
  • interpersonal
  • treating the patients individual needs
31
Q

What are the 5 cs of caring

A
  1. commitment
  2. consistence
  3. competence
  4. compassion
  5. confidence
32
Q

Types of care?

A
  • acute care
  • admission care
  • adult day care
  • bowel care
  • bed rest care
33
Q

What is a therapeutic relationship?

A
  • professional and therapeutic
  • priorities the patients needs
  • meeds needs of patient NOT nurse
  • always nurses responsibility to establish and maintain professional boundaries
34
Q

What are the 5 components of a nurse - patient relo?

A
  1. trust - patient is in vulnerable position
  2. respect - recognition of dignity, worth, uniqueness of patient regardless of personal attributes
  3. empathy - understanding the meaning the experience has for the patient while maintaining appropriate emotional distance
  4. professional intimacy - activities associated with nursing care that create closeness with patient
  5. power - unequal power balance
35
Q

What is documentation?

A

= anything written or printed that is used to furnish evidence or information that is legal or offical.

36
Q

What is nursing documentation?

A

= comprises all written and or computerised recording made by a nurse to document care given or to communicate information relevant to the care of a particular patient

  • ongoing account of patient healthcare
37
Q

why is nursing documentation important?

A
  • internationally recognised that a nurses ability to accurately report a patients problems, complaints, clinical signs and responses for the safety of the patient and themselves

Legal aspect - to reconstruct reliably what happened

  • ensuring continual care
  • legal evidence
  • education and research
  • establishing benchmarks for standards
38
Q

Structures and formats of documentation

A
  • ISBAR
  • SOAPIE
  • PIE
  • DAR
  • source records
39
Q

what does digital health technologies aim?

A

thinking about the future:

  • patient centred care
  • focus on soft skills
  • empowers consumers to recognise their health
  • personalising services
40
Q

Impact of digital health on healthcare?

A
  • impact widely
  • digital health is constantly changing - thus changing healthcare profession practice
  • increased novel treatment options
41
Q

What is Telehealth?

A

= delivery of health care remotely through telecommunications technology

42
Q

what is mobile health ?

A

= monitoring and sharing health information through mobile technology

43
Q

What is digital therapeutics ?

A

= deliver evidence base therapeutic interventions to patients that are driven by high quality software to prevent, manage or treat a broad spectrum of health.

Benefits

  • patient and care givers
  • increased access to reliable, evidence based interventions derived with high control
  • personalised care delivered to patient

examples:
- electronic scripts, health net, electronic health records

44
Q

Why are interventions performed?

A
  1. monitor health status
  2. reduce risks
  3. resolve, prevent or manage a health problem
  4. facilitate independence or assist with activities of daily activity
  5. promote optimal sense of physical, psychological and spiritual wellbeing
45
Q

What is essential of care?

A

= a framework which attempts to provide person - centred care that is safe, dignified and compassionate.

46
Q

what is essential care?

A

= aspects of care that are fundamental to patients and staff health and well being

47
Q

What are essential nursing elements?

A
  • knowledge based
  • patient centred
  • holistic
  • assessment, problem solving, planning, intervention, communication skills
  • therapeutic nurse - patient
  • reflective practice
48
Q

Requirements and principles for record keeping

A
  1. Factual information
  2. Accurate and reliable
  3. Complete details
  4. Brief and concise
  5. Timely and current
  6. Logical organisation of material

1004 Nursing knowledge, practice and policy (1 decks)

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