1004 Final exam Flashcards
What is the history of Nursing?
- 1811 Sydney Hospital opened
- 1868 Lucy Osborne established schools of nursing
- Mid 1990’s Hospital based training
- Since 1990 education for RN has been placed in the tertiary sector
- 20 years to fight for nursing to become a proffession
What is nursing?
= the ability of nursing is to respond to peoples need for nursing within the rapidly changing environment in which health care depends on.
- use of clinical judgement
- to promote, prevent and protect disease and illness
- advocate for patient rights
Infection control:
What is an infection?
= a disease or state that results from the presence of pathogens in or on the body.
What is a pathogen?
= a disease producing microorganism
What is a HAI?
= Hospital associated infection
= any infection that develops as a result of healthcare from which the patients was not suffering prior to admission.
- Major growing issues with the most common as a UTI
- most are preventable - under the care of the nurse
Iatrogenic infection ?
= infections that occur as a result of health care intervention
Colonisation
= sustained presence of replicating infectious agents on or in the body without the production of an immune response or disease and is a potential source of transmission.
what are the implications of HAIs?
- longer time in hospital = longer time away from family
- burden to healthcare system = financially
- impact on social, physical, mental health of pt
- using bed for longer = affecting hospital
- increased recovery - more pain, discomfort and antibiotics
What is the chain of infection transmission?
= an infection occurs as a result of a cycle process consisting of 6 components
- Causative agent (infection agents)
- reservoirs
- Portal of exit
- Means of transmission
- Portal of entry
- susceptible host
Chain of infection transmission:
1. causative agent (infection agents)
Bacteria - most common for causing HAIs
- shape - round, rod-shaped , spiral
- reaction to gram stain - pos and neg
- need for oxygen - aerobic and anaerobic
Virus - smallest of all microorganisms
- requires a living host cell to replicate
Fungi - plant like organism
- moulds and yeast
Protozoa - microscopic
- free living or parasitic in nature
Chain of infection transmission:
2. Reservoir
= habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows and multiplies including:
- other humans
- animals
- soil
- water
- intimate objects
- milk
Chain of infection transmission:
3. Portal of exit
= the way the pathogen leaves the body
- respiratory tract
- gastrointestinal tract
- genitourinary tract
- skin breaks
- blood and other tissues
Chain of infection transmission:
4. Means of transmission
Contact
- direct, indirect - contact with contamination - vectors (carries)
Airbone
- small particle areoles - dust, talking
Droplets
- coughing, sneezing, talking
Chain of infection transmission:
5. Portal of entry
= point where organism enters new host
- urinary tract
- respiratory tract
- skin
- gastrointestinal tract
Chain of infection transmission:
6. Susceptible host
= whether a person acquires an infection or not depends on their susceptibility to an infectious agent
- age, nutritional status
- stress
- hereditary conditions
- disease process
How does the body defend itself against infection?
1st line of defence
- mechanical barriers - skin, mucous membranes, cillia
- body secretions - saliva, sweat, tears, gastric juices,
bile, mucus
- Normal flora
- lymphoid tissue
2nd line of defence
- inflammatory response
3rd line of defence
- immune response (T and B cells )
What are the stages of an infectious disease?
- Incubation period = interval between entry of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms
- Prodromal stage = interval from onset of non specific signs to mores specific symptoms
- illness stage = interval where patient manifest mores specific signs and symptoms to the type of infection.
- Convalescence = interval where acute symptoms of infection disappear
- length of recovery depends on severity of infection and patient
Ways to reduce spread of infection?
standard precautions: - hand hygiene - use of PPE - safe use and disposals of sharps - routine environment cleaning - respiratory hygiene etc
Who regulates the profession of nursing?
= CO- REGULATION in australia
- government
- ourselves as nurses
- registration
- codes and guidlines
- complaints and notifications
- accreditation
What is AHPRA?
= Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
- regulates registered nurse standards of practice
Sharing of patient information?
- only divulge patient info on the need to know for the basis of your work
- your responsibility is to remain confidentiality
How are laws dealt with?
- criminal law
- civil law
- administrative law (FOI ACT 1982)
What is a criminal law?
- rules (laws) of behaviour with sanction of punishment related to other people and their property
- crime against the state
What is a civil law?
- exists to resolve disputes between members of the community
- family, industrial, property
What is professional negligence ?
- The defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff
- the defendant was in breach of this duty by facility the standard expected
- the plaintiff suffered damage and loss as a result of the negligent
- the damage and loss was reasonably foreseeable consequence of the negligence
= the failure to take resonable care or preventative steps
What is evidence based practice in nursing?
= involves the integration of individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research
Why is evidence based practice important in nursing?
- Is important because it aims to provide effective care that is available with the aim or improving patient outcomes.
- Promotes an attitude of inquiry in health professionals and starts us thinking about: why am I doing this in this way
Why is evidence based practice important in nursing?
- Is important because it aims to provide effective care that is available with the aim or improving patient outcomes.
- Promotes an attitude of inquiry in health professionals and starts us thinking about: why am I doing this in this way
What is CARE in nursing ?
- management of overall care of yourself, patient and people around you
- commitment and thought to patient physically
- interproffessional
- in nursing code
What is CARING in nursing?
- sense of caring emphasises compassion or being concerned about another person
- doing for others what they cannot do for themselves
- fundamental to nursing practice
- emotionally understands the patient
- interpersonal
- treating the patients individual needs
What are the 5 cs of caring
- commitment
- consistence
- competence
- compassion
- confidence
Types of care?
- acute care
- admission care
- adult day care
- bowel care
- bed rest care
What is a therapeutic relationship?
- professional and therapeutic
- priorities the patients needs
- meeds needs of patient NOT nurse
- always nurses responsibility to establish and maintain professional boundaries
What are the 5 components of a nurse - patient relo?
- trust - patient is in vulnerable position
- respect - recognition of dignity, worth, uniqueness of patient regardless of personal attributes
- empathy - understanding the meaning the experience has for the patient while maintaining appropriate emotional distance
- professional intimacy - activities associated with nursing care that create closeness with patient
- power - unequal power balance
What is documentation?
= anything written or printed that is used to furnish evidence or information that is legal or offical.
What is nursing documentation?
= comprises all written and or computerised recording made by a nurse to document care given or to communicate information relevant to the care of a particular patient
- ongoing account of patient healthcare
why is nursing documentation important?
- internationally recognised that a nurses ability to accurately report a patients problems, complaints, clinical signs and responses for the safety of the patient and themselves
Legal aspect - to reconstruct reliably what happened
- ensuring continual care
- legal evidence
- education and research
- establishing benchmarks for standards
Structures and formats of documentation
- ISBAR
- SOAPIE
- PIE
- DAR
- source records
what does digital health technologies aim?
thinking about the future:
- patient centred care
- focus on soft skills
- empowers consumers to recognise their health
- personalising services
Impact of digital health on healthcare?
- impact widely
- digital health is constantly changing - thus changing healthcare profession practice
- increased novel treatment options
What is Telehealth?
= delivery of health care remotely through telecommunications technology
what is mobile health ?
= monitoring and sharing health information through mobile technology
What is digital therapeutics ?
= deliver evidence base therapeutic interventions to patients that are driven by high quality software to prevent, manage or treat a broad spectrum of health.
Benefits
- patient and care givers
- increased access to reliable, evidence based interventions derived with high control
- personalised care delivered to patient
examples:
- electronic scripts, health net, electronic health records
Why are interventions performed?
- monitor health status
- reduce risks
- resolve, prevent or manage a health problem
- facilitate independence or assist with activities of daily activity
- promote optimal sense of physical, psychological and spiritual wellbeing
What is essential of care?
= a framework which attempts to provide person - centred care that is safe, dignified and compassionate.
what is essential care?
= aspects of care that are fundamental to patients and staff health and well being
What are essential nursing elements?
- knowledge based
- patient centred
- holistic
- assessment, problem solving, planning, intervention, communication skills
- therapeutic nurse - patient
- reflective practice
Requirements and principles for record keeping
- Factual information
- Accurate and reliable
- Complete details
- Brief and concise
- Timely and current
- Logical organisation of material
