1003 Flashcards
Electric currents are used in two important areas in medicine. Which of the statements about electrodiagnosis is incorrect?
A. Electrodiagnosis means diagnosis by using electric currents.
B. In the diagnosis with electric current, the external electric current may be applied to the organism.
C. At the same time the currents occurring in the organism itself may be recorded.
D. Electromyelography (EMG), electrocardiography (ECG) and electroencephalography (EEG) are
important electrodiagnostic applications.
E. Electrodiagnosis means treatment with electric currents.
E
Electric currents are used in two important areas in medicine. Which of the statements about electrotherapy is correct?
A. Electrotherapy means diagnosis by using electric currents.
B. Electromyelography (EMG) is an electrotherapy application.
C. Electrocardiography (ECG) and electroencephalography (EEG) are important electrotherapy applications.
D. Electrotherapy is use of electric currents and in relieving the sense of pain, in the stimulation of tissues at different depths, in sending various ions to a desired part of the organism.
E. In the electrotherapy with electric current, not only the external electric current is applied to the organism, but also the currents occurring in the organism itself are recorded.
D
Electric currents have three basic biological effects or physiologic events. Which of the statements about these effects is incorrect?
A. In electrophysical effect, as ions moves muscle contraction, activation of endogen analgesic mechanisms, vascular response occur.
B. In electrothermal effect, the movement of electrical charges in a conductive medium causes increase in temperature via micro-vibration and frictional force.
C. In electrochemical effect, formation of gas bubbles at the electrodes, deposit of metal on the electrodes, change in colour of the solutions occur.
D. In electrothermal effect, the most important result of ionic movement under the skin is the depolarisation of surrounding nerve fibers.
E. In electrophysical effect, the most important result of ionic movement under the skin is the depolarisation of surrounding nerve fibers.
D
Which of the statements about the effects of progressive (exponential) currents is incorrect?
A. Analgesic effect means blockage of receptors related with sensory nerves.
B. Trophic effect is the effect that stimulates maturation and development.
C. In trophic effect, blood circulation helps tissue nourishment.
D. Analgesic effect can be applied for decreasing muscle atrophy.
E. In analgesic effect, changes of ion distribution by blood circulation occur.
D
Which of the statements about examples of physical and chemical effects of direct current is incorrect?
A. Chemical solutions such as acids, bases and salts that conduct conductive water solutions are called electrolytes, and the whole of the events that occur during the passage of current through an electrolyte is called iontophoresis.
B. Iontophoresis is used in dermatological diseases and in the treatment of excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) for diagnosis and treatment. By iontophoresis method, some drugs can pass through healthy skin by applying direct
current.
C. In general, electrophoresis is an examination method that enables different substances in the structure of a whole substance to be seperated as a result of moving particles in a special liquid environment at different speeds and different directions according to the electrical charge they contain.
D. Electroosmosis is the process in which water movement is achieved by creating an electrical field using cathode and anode. Electroosmosis is the opposite of electrophoresis. This method is used to transfer excess water to a part of the organism.
E. Chemical solutions such as acids, bases and salts that conduct conductive water solutions are called electrolytes, and the whole of the events that occur during the passage of current through an electrolyte is called electrolysis.
A
Which of the statements about electrotherapy applications is incorrect?
A. Antifibrillation is used to defibrillate the fibrillated heart. The process of ensuring the normal functioning of the heart by removing the irregular vibrations in the heart muscle by providing direct current to the heart with a special electrical device.
B. Medical Galvanism is used in the removal of tumors in the skin, removal of small skin lesions and in the
treatment of “Hypertrichosis”.
C. Electroschock (Electroconvulsive Treatment) is the use of electric current for treatment in psychosomatic diseases.
D. Electroschock can be applied for depression, Schizophrenia (catatonic type, resistant to drug), Manic episode (Mood disorder), inability to use drugs due to medical illness.
E. Medical Galvanism is the application of the correct (Galvanic) current to reduce or eliminate nerve pain. Hyperpolarization in the anode reduces the excitability of the painful nerve. It is also used in the treatment of spots on the skin.
B
. Which of the following is true for closed systems?
A) Volume,massandenergydonotchange,thereisnoexchangeofenergyandmatterwiththeenvironment
B) Massandenergycanbothbetransferredbetweenthesystemandtheenvironment
C) Thereisenergyexchangewiththeenvironment,butnomatterexchange
D) Bothenergyandmatterareexchangedwiththeenvironment
E) The universe is considered a closed system
C
Which is true about thermodynamic processes?
A) Intheadiabaticprocess,thereisnoheattransferintooroutofthesystem
B) Intheisochoricprocess,thereisnochangeintemperature
C) Intheisobaricprocess,thereisnochangeinvolume
D) Intheisothermalprocess,thereisnochangeinheat
E) In the isobatic process, there is no change in pressure
A
I. It is a measure of the number of possible arrangements atoms in a system can have
II. Expressed as randomness or disorder
III. The gaseous state of a substance has higher entropy than its liquid state IV. If the disorder of the system increases, the value of ΔS is positive (+)
Which of the above is true about entropy?
A) I-II
B) II-III
C) I-II-III
D) II-III-IV E) I-II-III-IV
E
Which of the factors affecting the entropy of the system is incorrect?
A) Asthevolumeincreases,theamountofenergydissipateddecreases,soentropyincreases
B) As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, the energy distribution of the system decreases, and therefore the entropy decreases
C) Ifthemolarmassishigh,ittakesupmorespaceinacertainvolumethanifitislow
D) Asthephasemovesfromsolidtoliquid,fromliquidtogas,entropydecreases
E) As the complexity of the molecules increases, the probability of these movements occurring in different directions also decreases
C
I. If ΔG is negative, the process is non-spontaneous (endergonic), and the reaction will proceed in the forward direction.
II. If ΔG is positive, the process is spontaneous (exergonic), and the reaction will not occur spontaneously in the forward direction.
III. If ΔG is zero, the system is at equilibrium, indicating a dynamic balance between the forward and reverse reactions.
Which of the following is true about Gibbs free energy?
A) I
B) I-II
C) III
D) II-III E) I-II-III
C
Which of the following is false about the laws of thermodynamics?
A) Energycanneitherbecreatednorbedestroyed,itcanonlybetransferredfromoneformtoanother
B) Theentropyofanyisolatedsystemalwaysdecreases
C) Theentropyofasystemapproachesaconstantvalueasthetemperatureapproachesabsolutezero
D) If two thermodynamic systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other
E) In an isolated system the sum of all forms of energy is constant
B
I. The kinetic energy of molecules increases in proportion to temperature and approaches the threshold value.
II. It is the level of energy required for an event to occur.
III. It is called activation energy
Which of the following is true about activation energy?
A) II
B) I-II
C) I-III D) II-III E) I-II-III
E
Which of the following is true about the branches of thermodynamics?
A) Classicalthermodynamicsstudiesthetransformationsofenergyandmatterastheyapproachequilibrium
B) Statisticalthermodynamicshelpspredictthepropertiesofthesubstancebeingtreated,takingintoaccountunits
such as temperature and pressure
C) Chemicalthermodynamicsanalyzesthebehaviorofmatterfromamacroscopicapproach
D) Equilibrium thermodynamics studies how work and heat are related to each other in chemical reactions and
phase changes
E) Statistical thermodynamics studies the properties of each molecule and how these molecules interact
E
I. System is a collection of matter in which physical and chemical events occur within certain limits
II. Surroundings is the environment that can affect the state of the system and is in contact with the system
III. All matter outside the system is considered the surroundings IV. System and the surroundings together form the universe
Which of the above definitions are correct regarding the basic concepts of thermodynamics?
A) I-II
B) I-III
C) I-II-III
D) I-II-IV
E) I-II-III-IV
E
