100 Question Study Test guide Flashcards
1
Q
What was the name of darwins ship?
A
HMS Beagle
2
Q
What is the full name of the publication that darwin published
A
On the origins of species by the means of natural selection.
3
Q
What is the basic idea of natural selection
A
Organisms can change over generations, individuals with certain heritable traits leave more off spring than others.
4
Q
What is the result of nautral selection
A
Evolutionary adaptation
5
Q
Darwin based his theory of natural selection on two key observations what are these?
A
- All species tend to produce excessive numbers, this leads to struggle for existence.
- Variation exists among individuals in a population, much of this variation is heritable
6
Q
What is unequal reproductive success
A
Natural selection
7
Q
What is a fossil
A
A fossil is preserved remnants or impressions left by organisms that lived in the past
8
Q
Where are fossils found
A
Sedimentary rocks, rock layers
9
Q
What type of scientist studies fossils
A
Paleontologist
10
Q
What is biogeography
A
Study of geographic distribution of species
11
Q
What is comparative anatomy
A
Comparison of body structure between different species
12
Q
What is comparative embryology
A
Comparison of strucutres that appear during the development of different organisms.
13
Q
Name 3 examples of natural selection in action
A
- Pesticide resistance in insects
- Development of antibiotic resistant bacteria
- Drug resistant strains of HIV
14
Q
What is a mutation
A
Changes in the DNA of an organism
15
Q
What is sexual recombination
A
Produce genetic variation, shuffle alleles during meiosis
16
Q
What is directional selection? What does the phenotypic graph look like compared to the original population curve
A
Shifts phenotypic “curve” of a population, selects in favor of some extreme phenotype. Skewed to right
17
Q
What is disruptive selection? What does the phenotypic graph look like compared to the original population curve
A
Can lead to a balance between two or more contrasting morphs in a population. Skewed in the middle
18
Q
What is stabilizing selection? What does the phenotypic graph look like compared to the original population curve
A
Maintains variation for a particular trait within a narrow range. Looks skinnier and taller.
19
Q
Sickle cell anemia confers resistance to what disease?
A
Malaria
20
Q
What is microevolution
A
Changes in allele frequencies within populations.
21
Q
What is macroevolution
A
Major changes in the history of life.
22
Q
What is a phylogeny tree
A
Diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms.
22
Q
What is a species
A
Groups of organism whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce fertile offspring.
22
Q
What is allopatric speciation
A
When species evolve in geographic isolation
23
What is sympatric speciation
When species evolve without geographic isolation
24
What are the two models for the pace of speciation
Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium
25
What are prezygotic barriers
Prevents survival or reproduction of hybrid offspring
26
Know the 5 prezygotic barriers and examples for each type
1. Temporal isolation, eastern and western spotted skunks,
2. Habitat Isolation, garter snakes
3. Behavioral Isolation, blue footed boobies
4. Mechanical Isolation, snails
5. Gametic isolation, sea urchins
27
What are the 3 domains of life
Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria
28
Know the 4 roles that fungi play in an ecosystem
1. Evolutionary history
2. Decomposers
3. Plant Symbiosis
4. Medicine
5. Food
29
Know the correct sequence for the animal classification system utilized by scientists
Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
30
What is ecology
Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments.
31
Define organismal ecology
study of evolutionary adaptations that enable individual organism to meet the challenges posed by their abiotic environments
32
Define population ecology
factors that affect population density and growth.
33
Define community ecology
how interactions between species affect community structure and organization.
34
Ecosystem Ecology
Concerned with ecosystems, which include all the abiotic factors in addition to the community of species in a certain area.
35
Biosphere
The Global Ecosystem.
36
Define organism
Organism: Any living thing
37
Define, population,
Group of organisms living in the same are at the same time
38
Define community,
Group of interacting organisms that share a common habitat
39
Define Ecosystem
Group of living organisms in particular area
40
What are abiotic components of an environment?
Nonliving chemical and physical factors in an enviroment, Energy source, temperature, water, wind rocks and soil
41
What are biotic components of an environment?
Living factors in an environment , plants animals and bacteria
42
What is a habitat?
Specific environments in which organism live.
43
What is a niche
Organisms role within an ecosystem
44
5 examples of abiotic factors
Energy source, temperature, water, wind, rocks and soil
45
Know some examples of biotic factors
Plants, animals, bacteria, fungi
46
3 types of adaptations that enable organisms to adjust to changes in their
environment
Physiological
anatomical
behaviooral
47
Know examples for each type of adaptation Physiological, Anatomical, Behavioral
Physiological: Ability to acclimate/acclimation
Anatomical: change in body shape or anatomy.
Behavioral: Moving to a new location
48
Name 2 types of Aquatic Biomes
Freshwater biomes- Lakes streams rivers and wetlands
Marine biomes - Oceans intertidal zones coral reefs and estuaries
49
What is the salinity of each aquatic biome
Freshwater = Less than 1%
Marine Biomes = ~3%
50
What are some uses for freshwater?
Drinking water, crop irrigation, sanitation and industry.
51
What are the 2 categories of freshwater? Know examples of each.
Standing water- includes lakes and ponds
Flowing water - Includes rivers and streams
52
What are wetlands?
Transitional biome between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial
53
What are estuaries?
Areas where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean.
53
What 3 things can affect terrestrial biomes?
Climate, Altitude, Proximinity to large bodies of water
53
Know the names of the terrestrial biomes
Tropical forest, savanna, desert, chaparral, temperate grassland, temperate broadleaf forest, coniferous forest, arctic tundra, high mountains (coniferous forest and alpine tundra, polar ice
53
What is the tree line?
Imaginary line on a mountain or high altitude where trees can no longer grow due to harsh conditions
53
What is the definition of of a population?
Group of individuals of a single species that occupy a defined area
53
What does population ecology study?
How members of a population interact with their environment
53
What is the mark-and-recapture technique and why is it utilized?
Animals are trapped, marked and then recaptured after a period of time, to measure population density
53
What is population density?
Number of individualds of a species per unit of area or volume
54
What is a population age structure?
Proportion of individuals in different age groups
55
For what purposes do scientists utilize age structures of populations?
Helps us understand the history of a populations survival or reproductive success and how it relates to environmental factors. Can predict future changes in a population
55
What is carrying capacity?
Number of individuals in a population that the environment can just maintain with no net increase or decrease
55
What are the 2 growth models
The exponential growth model.
The logistic growth model.
55
How does the US Endangered Species Act define an endangered species
Defines an endangered species as one that is “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.”
Defines a threatened species as one likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.
55
What are the 3 top causes of declining Biodiversity?
Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Overexploitation,
55
What is a boom-and-bust cycle? What 2 species follow a boom and bust cycle
Snowshoe hare and the lynx, increase in population size (boom) followed by sharp decline in the population size (bust)
55
What model organism did G.F. Gause utilize
Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum
55
What is the E.O. Wilson 100 heartbeat club?
a list of critically endangered species that have populations of 100 or fewer individuals
56
How does the US Endangered Species Act define an threatened species
Defines a threatened species as one likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.
56
What is interspecific competition among species?
When two or more species in a community rely on similar limiting resources.
56
What did G. F. Gause study
The effects of interspecific competition in two closely related species of protists.
57
What are the adaptations that predators utilize?
Claws, Teeth, Fangs, Stingers, or poison
57
What are adaptations that prey utilize as defenses against predators
Passive defenses such as hiding
Active defenses such as escaping
Mechanical defenses such as hard
shells or quills.
Behavioral defenses including Alarm calls or mobbing.
Distraction displays,
Camouflage or cryptic coloration
57
Know the difference between predator and prey
a predator is an organism that eats another organism, while prey is the organism that is eaten
57
What were G. F. Gauses results
two species so similar that they compete for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place
58
What does the competitive exclusion principle state?
Two species cannot co exist in a community if their niches are identical
59
What are some of the plant defenses against herbivores?
Spines and thorns
Chemical toxins such as morphine, strychnine, nicotine
60
What is a trophic structure?
Divides species in a community based on their main sources of nutrition
61
Know the names of the 4 trophic levels.
Producers, primary, secondary, tertiary
62
What are detrivores?
Consume detritus known as scavengers
63
What are decomposers?
Secrete enzymes that digests molecules in organic material
64
What is biological magnification?
Process in which toxins become more concentrated in successive trophic levels of a food web
65
What is species richness
Total number of different species in the community
65
What is relative abundance
how common a specific species is within a given area, compared to the total number of other species present
66
What are producers
Producer is an organism that can create its own food through photosynthesis, like plants.
67
what are consumers
Consumers are organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms like animals
68
Which way does energy flow through ecosystems
Energy flows in a one way stream from primary producers to various consumers
69
What is the 1st law of
Thermodynamics?
The 1st law of thermodynamics is energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only altered in form
70
What is a energy pyramid?
Model that show the flow of energy from one trophic or feeding level to the next in an ecosystem
71
How much energy is available to the next trophic level in a biological/energy pyramid?
10%
72
How much sunlight energy is captured by producers?
1-2%
73
Name 3 chemicals that are recycled in nature. Know how to read the cycle of each
chemical that is recycled in nature.
Carbon, Phosphorus, Nitrogen
74
What is nutrient pollution?
Human disturbance of biological communities.
74
What are the results of too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Global warming
74
What are some causes of too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Increased burning of fossil fuels
74
What is nutrient pollution?
the excessive introduction of nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, into water bodies
75
What are some causes of too much nitrogen in aquatic systems?
Sewage treatment facilities and fertilizers.
75
What are the results of too much nitrogen in aquatic systems?
Heavy growth of algae
75
What are the causes of too much phosphorous in aquatic systems?
Sewage treatment facilities and fertiliziers
75
What are the results of too much phosphorous in aquatic systems?
Causes eutrophication of lakes
76
What is eutrophication?
when a body of water becomes overly enriched with nutrients, causing excessive plant and algae growth, often leading to a depletion of oxygen levels in the water
76
How are humans impacting ecosystems?
Current mass extinction is being caused by human activity.
76
Why is biodiversity important?
Because humans rely on biodiversity.
76
Why is biodiversity important to humans?
Humans rely on biodiversity for food, clothing , shelter, oxygen, soil, fertility, medicinal substances.
76
What do Conservation Biologists hope to accomplish?
Seek to understand and counter the loss of biodiversity.
76
What is sustainable development?
Balances human needs with the health of the biosphere.
76
What is the goal of sustainable development?
Long term prosperity of human societies and the ecosystems that support them.
76
What are some things humans can do to move toward a sustainable future?
Reduce consumption, be more energy efficient, promote recycling, take political action, promote research and education, think long term
