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IGCSE Physics archive > 100 or so Paper 2 IGCSE Physics facts > Flashcards

100 or so Paper 2 IGCSE Physics facts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between scalar and vector quantities?

A

Vectors have a direction as well as a magnitude (size)

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2
Q

Magnets can attract?

A

Magnetic materials (and other magnets too)

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydroelectric power?

A

Floods a large area,

disrupts people and animals

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4
Q

Name some vector quantities

A

Velocity,

displacement,

acceleration,

force,

momentum,

moment,

current

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5
Q

What is the relationship between input and output power of a transformer?

A

Pprimary = Psecondary

IpVp = IsVs

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6
Q

What experiment can be done to demonstrate charging by friction?

A

Rub a plastic rod with a cloth, show charge on coulombmeter or repel/attract other charged things.

Rub a balloon on jumper / hair stick to wall.

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7
Q

Energy transferred per unit charge is known as?

A

Voltage

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8
Q

Magnets can attract or repel?

A

Other magnets

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9
Q

If the kelvin temperature of a gas doubles, what happens to the pressure it exerts?

A

Pressure doubles too

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10
Q

What are some advantages of digital signals?

A

Can carry more information

Easier to clean the signal (remove noise)

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11
Q

How can electrostatic charge cause a fire at a petrol station.

A

Charge builds up on car while driving

a spark when person touches car

+ fuel vapour = explosion

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12
Q

What are the advantages of hydroelectric power?

A

Renewable,

no air pollution,

low running costs, no fuel costs

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13
Q

Name some scalar quantities

A

Speed,

mass,

volume,

time,

energy,

charge,

pressure,

power

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14
Q

What is the difference between analogue and digital signals

A

Analogue signals can have any value.

Digital signals can ONLY be on or off

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15
Q

What are the advantages of geothermal power?

A

Renewable,

no air pollution,

low running costs, no fuel costs

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16
Q

Why is iron used as the core for a transformer?

A

Soft magnetic material; gains and loses magnetism easily.

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17
Q

What is conservation of momentum?

A

Momentum before a collision (or explosion) is equal to the momentum after.

Assuming no external forces act.

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18
Q

Describe the arrangement and motion of particles in a gas

A

No pattern;

Able to move freely/fast;

Larger space between particles;

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19
Q

What has the following magnetic field shape?

A

Field around a current carrying wire

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20
Q

What are the advantages of solar cells?

A

Renewable,

no air pollution,

low running costs, no fuel costs

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21
Q

What are the advantages of wind power?

A

Renewable,

no air pollution,

low running costs, no fuel costs

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22
Q

Which support provides more force? Why?

A

Moments about the person are equal.

A closer to person, so needs bigger force to provide same moment as B.

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23
Q

What is happening to this wave?

A

Diffraction; wave is spreading out

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24
Q

Describe the arrangement and motion of particles in a liquid

A

Irregular pattern;

Able to move over/past other particles;

Little space between particles;

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25
Q

What are the advantages of nuclear power?

A

Reliable (not weather dependent),

already established,

high power output

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26
Q

How does bending you knees help prevent injury?

A

Increases collision time,

lower deceleration (a=V/t),

lower force (F=ma)

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27
Q

What has the following magnetic field shape?

A

Field around a flat coil

(looks like an owl)

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28
Q

Why is the iron core in a transformer laminated?

A

Prevents eddy currents;

stops heating;

keeps efficiency high.

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29
Q

What are the general advantages of renewable sources of power?

A

Renewable,

no air pollution,

low running costs, no fuel costs

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30
Q

What change of state happens during condensing?

A

gas to liquid

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31
Q

What change of state happens during melting?

A

solid to liquid

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32
Q

A charged partical experience no force due to a magnetic field when?

A

Moving parallel to field

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33
Q

What sort of electricity is needed to make transformers work?

A

AC; current must change direction so magnetic field keeps changing direction

34
Q

Magnetically hard materials….

A

Are difficult to magnetise but keep their magnetism

35
Q

What is the missing force?

A
36
Q

What force is felt by the charged particle

A

No force felt as particle is moving parallel to field.

37
Q

What is Newton’s third law?

A

If object A exerts a force on object B, object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A

38
Q

More turns on the secondary coil is what sort of transformer?

A

Step up; voltage is bigger across the secondary coil

39
Q

Give some useful uses of electrostatic charges

A

Paint spraying,

Chimney precipitator (smoke cleaner),

Photocopier,

Ink Jet Printer

40
Q

How does a material gain a negative electrostatic charge?

A

Object gains electrons to gain a negative charge

41
Q

What are the disadvantages of geothermal power?

A

Only works in very specific places,

deep drilling difficult and expensive

42
Q

What are the advantages of fossil fuels?

A

Reliable (not weather dependent),

already established,

high power output

43
Q

What are the advantages of solar heating systems?

A

Renewable,

no air pollution,

low running costs, no fuel costs

44
Q

Maximum diffraction happens when the gap size is?..

A

similar to the wavelength

45
Q

How can fires be prevented when refuelling aircraft (linked to electrostatic charge)

A

Attach Earthing strap (to discharge aircraft) before beginning to refuel

46
Q

What are the disadvantages of solar heating systems?

A

Unreliable (doesn’t work at night),

may need additional boiler to produce hot water

47
Q

What is the Newton’s third law pair

A
48
Q

Why are step up and step down transformers used in the National Grid?

A

Voltage stepped up (e.g 100x);

Current drops by the same amount (100x lower);

less power loss due to heating;

Stepped down to be safe in homes.

49
Q

Why doesn’t DC work for transformers?

A

DC doesn’t change direction so the magnetic field is constant

50
Q

How does a material gain a positive electrostatic charge?

A

Object loses electrons to gain a positive charge

51
Q

What are the disadvantages of solar cells?

A

Unreliable (doesn’t work at night or when cloudy),

large area needed to replace a typical power station,

inefficient

52
Q

Magnetically soft materials…

A

Are easy to magnetise but lose their magnetism quickly

53
Q

What change of state happens during boiling?

A

liquid to gas

54
Q

What are the general disadvantages of renewable sources of power?

A

Unreliable (weather dependent),

large amount of land needed to replace a typical power station

55
Q

How does a stretching seatbelt reduce injury

A

Increases collision time,

lower deceleration (a=V/t),

lower force (F=ma)

56
Q

The frequency of a sound wave is linked to its?.

A

pitch

57
Q

The amlitude of a sound wave is linked to its?.

A

volume

58
Q

What are the disadvantages of nuclear power?

A

Produces long lasting radioactive waste which must be securely stored,

mining hazardous

59
Q

What change of state happens during freezing?

A

liquid to solid

60
Q

What is the resultant force in each case?

A
61
Q

What are the benefits of using electrostatically charged spray paint

A

Paint has same charge so repels = fine mist, no clumps.

Object has opposite charge, attracts paint into corners and around the back

62
Q

One volt is equal to one?..

A

One joule per coulomb

63
Q

What is the Newton’s third law pair

A
64
Q

How are electromagnets made?

A

A coil of wire around an iron core

65
Q

When two objects with a positive electrostatic charge are close together they?

A

Repel as like charges repel

66
Q

More turns on the primary coil what sort of transformer?

A

Step down; voltage is bigger across the primary coil

67
Q

How can digital signals carry more information?

A

Multiplexing (e.g. different coloured light in fibre optics)

Increase the frequency of the transmitter

68
Q

How can you find the frequency of a sound wave from an oscilloscope trace

A

Measure time period T (of one wave)

Use f = 1/T (careful with milli seconds)

e.g T = 3ms

so f = 1/0.003 = 333Hz

69
Q

What is the relationship between kelvin temperature of a gas and average kinetic energy its molecules?

A

Kelvin temperature is directly proportional to average kinetic energy.

Doubling the temperature (in kelvin!) doubles KE

70
Q

Why is a current induced in the secondary coil?

A

The secondary coil sees a changing magnetic field;

electrons experience a force and move;

which induces a current

71
Q

What are the disadvantages of wind power?

A

Unreliable (only works when windy),

needs lots of land,

visual pollution, a large number needed to replace a typical power station

72
Q

What is the relationship between input and output voltages and the no. of turns on each coil?

A
73
Q

What equation links momentum, mass and velocity?

A

Momentum = mass x velocity

74
Q

How can electrostatic charge be used to clean smoke in a chimney?

A

Smoke particles charged by wires and attracted to charged plates

75
Q

What can happen to waves when they pass an edge or go through a gap?

A

Diffraction; waves spread out

76
Q

Describe the structure of a transformer

A

Two coils of wire wrapped around a laminated iron core

77
Q

What two pieces of equipment are needed to display a sound wave?

A

Microphone and oscilloscope

78
Q

What has the following magnetic field shape?

A

Field around a solenoid (same shape as a bar magnet)

79
Q

What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?

A

Release CO2 and air pollution, mining hazardous

80
Q

How can magnetism be induced in a magnetic material?

A

Placing a magnet close to a magnetic material will induce magnetism in the magnetic material

81
Q

Describe the arrangement and motion of particles in a solid

A

Regular pattern OR close packed;

Vibration in position;

Little space between particles

IGCSE Physics archive (6 decks)

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