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Living Environment Boot Camp > 100 important topics > Flashcards

100 important topics Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an organism

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3
Q

Name the 4 main organic compounds and what their simple building block is

A

Carbohydrates- Glucose (simple sugars)
Proteins- Amino Acids
Lipids- Fatty Acids and Glycerin
Nucleic Acids- Nucleotide

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4
Q

Organization of living things

A

[smallest] cells, tissue. organs, organ systems, organism [biggest]

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5
Q

Organelles

A

the smallest parts that make up a cell (each has at least on spicific function

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6
Q

Vacuoles, Ribosomes, mitochondrion, and Chloroplasts

A

V- Stores wastes and water
R- Where protiens are made
M- Power house of the cell, Cellular resperation occurs
C- Photosynthesis

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7
Q

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane

A

N-Control center of the cell, holds dna
C- liquid that fills the cell
CM- Separates the contents of the cell from the outside environment. It also contron the transport of materials into and out the cell (selective Permeability)

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8
Q

Cellular Communication

A

Recognizes and responds to signals by using recepter molecules

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9
Q

Passive vs Active transport

A

passive- movement from high concentrations to low (does not require energy)
Active- from low to high (requires energy)

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10
Q

Digestive system

A

breaks down food into nutrients and puts them into the blood stream

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11
Q

Circulatory system

A

carries gasses and nutrients throughout the body

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12
Q

Respiratory system

A

exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen

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13
Q

Excretory system

A

removes wastes from the blood stream and body

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14
Q

Nervous system

A

fast control of the functions of the body systems

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15
Q

endocrine system

A

slow control of the functioning of all body systems

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16
Q

name the parts of and what organelles perform the same function as the Digestive system

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum- vacuole and lysosome

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17
Q

name the parts of and what organelles perform the same function as the Circulatory system

A

Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries- cytoplasm and er/Golgi

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18
Q

name the parts of and what organelles perform the same function as the Respitatory system

A

lungs, alveoli, diaphram- cell membrane

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19
Q

name the parts of and what organelles perform the same function as the Excretory system

A

kidneys, bladder, urethra- cell membrane or vacuole

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20
Q

name the parts of and what organelles perform the same function as the Nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerve cells- nucleus

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21
Q

name the parts of and what organelles perform the same function as the Endorine system

A

Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads- Nucleus

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22
Q

Respiration

A

the process used by all organisms to produce evergy by using oxygen to burn sugar in orger to release energy in the form of ATP. this is preformed in/by the mitocondrion

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23
Q

Digestion

A

breaking down large molcules down into smaller molcules

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24
Q

Transport

A

involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the movement between parts of a multicellur organism

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25
Q

Excretion

A

the removal of all waste produced by cells of the body

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26
Q

Synthesis

A

the making or buliding of large molcules from smaller ones

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27
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process of storing the energy from the sun in the chemicals bonds of glucose (sugar). Perfomed in the chloroplasts

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28
Q

formula for photosynthesis

A

sun+ carbon dioxide+ water—Enzymes—} Glucose+ oxygen+water

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29
Q

cellular respiration

A

occures in the mitocondrion of all orginsims

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30
Q

cellular respiration formula

A

Glucose + Oxygen —-Enzymes—-} Carbon dioxide + water + energy (atp)

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31
Q

Enzymes

A

special protiens that affect the rate of hemical reactions. Enzymes are catalysts used in digestion and synthesis.

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32
Q

enzyme reactions rates are affected by

A

shape, temp, and ph

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33
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

the steady state and balance- homerstasis

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34
Q

Negative feedback

A

controls the levels to maintain homeostasis (like a thermostat)

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35
Q

primary defence against disease causing pathogens

A

skin and circulatory systems

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36
Q

surface receptor protiens

A

a molecule found on the cell membrane that the immune system recognizes as either part of body or an outside invader

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37
Q

Antibodys

A

special protiens by the white blood cells that can be thought of as your bodys army to fight diseases

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38
Q

immunity

A

your bodys ability to fight disease.

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39
Q

Vaccination

A

composed of a weakened or dead virus the triggers our white blood cells to produce antibodies to fight a spicific pathogen

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40
Q

diseases are caused by

A

pathogens

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41
Q

3 examples of pathogens

A

virus, bacterium and fungus

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42
Q

mittotc division

A

asexual reporduction. one cell –} two cells. Parent cell devides evenly to produce two identical daughter cells

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43
Q

function of mitosis

A

to pruduce identical cells used for growth and repair

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44
Q

meiotic division

A

sexual reporduction. two cell divions, one cell becomes 4

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45
Q

function of meiosis

A

to produce sex cells wih 1/2 of the species chromosome number

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46
Q

gonads

A

sex glands (overies and testis)

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47
Q

gamates

A

sex cells that unite in fertilization to form a zygote

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48
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg

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49
Q

fertilization

A

when a male and female gamate unite.

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50
Q

differentiation

A

the process tat transformes develpoing cells into specialized cells with different structures and functions

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51
Q

female reporductive system parts and functions

A

vagina- entery point
Uterus- where the baby develpoes
Overies- the female gonads the produce the egg and impoertant hormones.
Placenta- organ that attaches mother to the baby

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52
Q

Where does fertilization occur

A

overies or fallopian tudes

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53
Q

testies

A

male gonads that produce sperm and male hormones such as testosterone

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54
Q

artifical instalment

A

using sperm from a doner

55
Q

amniocentesis

A

removing some of the cells from the amniotic fluid which protects the fetus and analyzing their dna

56
Q

Karyotype

A

a visual map of chromosomes

57
Q

cancer

A

occures when genetic mutations in a cell can resualt in uncontrolled cell division.

58
Q

Heredity

A

the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reporuction

59
Q

Clones

A

identical genitic copies

60
Q

DNA

A

is a double helix polymer of nucleotides that contains the genetic code of the individual

61
Q

nucleotides

A

the basic unit of DNA which is made of Phosphate, a sugar and a base

62
Q

DNA bases are

A

a t g c

63
Q

a t g c pair with

A

a with t (all teachers)

g with c (Go crazy)

64
Q

Rna

A

a single stranded polymer that is produced by dna

65
Q

what are the main types of rna

A

mrna trna rrna

66
Q

that are the bases in rna

A

AUGC

67
Q

Mutationis

A

any of the dna sequence which canges the normal message carried by the gene

68
Q

what are the types of mutations and what happens in them

A

Subsitution- one base is but into the place of another
Deletion- a bsse is left out
addition- a base is addes
inversion- bases are switched

69
Q

gene expression

A

an organisim’s environment can affect the way some genes are expressed

70
Q

genetic engineering

A

a technology that humans use o alter the genetic instructions in organisms

71
Q

Gene splicing

A

cutting dna and placing in into another organism

72
Q

restriction enzymes

A

an enzyme that cuts DNA in spicific places is an essential tool in gene splcing as well as gel electro phoresis

73
Q

selective breeding

A

a process of picking parents with favorable traits to produce thoes traits in the offspring

74
Q

species

A

a group of closely related orginisms that share ceratain characteristics and can priduce offspring capable or reporduction

75
Q

evolution

A

the process by which orginims have changed over time from simple, single celled

76
Q

natural selection

A

nature selectus thoes individuals who are best fit for the environment

77
Q

overproduction

A

more offspring are produced than can survive

78
Q

competition

A

the fight for limited recources

79
Q

Variation

A

differences amon orginisms in a species

80
Q

adaptive value

A

any trait that helps an orginism survive and reporduce under a given set of environmental conditions

81
Q

extinction

A

the disappearance of an entire species caused by a failure to adapt to a changing envronment

82
Q

ecology

A

the study of how organisms interact with the living and nonliing things

83
Q

biotic

A

living factors in a ecosystem

84
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving factors in a ecosystem

85
Q

niche

A

a species role in its environment

86
Q

population

A

all the organisms of a species that live in the same area

87
Q

community

A

all the different populations in an area

88
Q

biosphere

A

all of earths ecosystems

89
Q

competition

A

the struggle for recorces among organisms

90
Q

limmiting recorce

A

the living and nonliving things in the envronment that the size of populations

91
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum population that an ecosystem can support

92
Q

predators

A

kill and eat other organisms called prey

93
Q

autotrophs

A

make their own food

94
Q

heterotrophs

A

must eat something for food

95
Q

herbivores

A

can only eat plants

96
Q

carnivores

A

can only eat animals

97
Q

omnivores

A

can eat plants and animals

98
Q

consumers

A

same as heterotrphs

99
Q

decomposers

A

break down animal and plants and return the nutrience to the soil. they are recycles in the ecosystem

100
Q

scavengers

A

eat dead organisms that they did not kill themselfs

101
Q

parasites

A

live off another orgsnism and does not usally kill them

102
Q

producers

A

same as autotrophs

103
Q

food chain

A

a diagram of the liner feeding relationship of organisms in an ecosystem

104
Q

all food chains start with and all end with

A

start with producers end with decomposers

105
Q

food web

A

a disgram composed of many interlocking food chains.

106
Q

primary sorce of life energy on earth

A

sun

107
Q

evergy pyramid

A

a diagram showin the energy avalibale at each trophic level.

108
Q

self sustaining ecosystem requires

A

a constant sorce of energy, a process to capture the energy and store it in organic molecules, and a way to recycle elements back to the ecosystem

109
Q

ecological succession

A

the orderly sequence of changing in the communities living in a given ecosystem over time.

110
Q

name the 3 main material cycles

A

carbon/ oxygen. water. nitrogen.

111
Q

biodiversity

A

a measurement of the degree to which a species vary withen an ecosystem. the more speciespresent in an ecosystem the higher biodiversity

112
Q

4 ways man have affected biodivercity

A

cutting down treen, planting all of the same crop in one area, removed vegetation for houses ect, and killed orginisms and destroyed food web

113
Q

renewable recorces

A

thoes that can replenish themselfs if not abused

114
Q

nonrenewable recorce

A

thoes that can not replenish

115
Q

pollution

A

a harmful change in the chemical makeup of the air, water, and soil

116
Q

impact of technology and industrialization

A

increased pollution, toxic wastes, human overproduction…

117
Q

acid rain

A

sulfer and nitrogen compunds in the air pollution in the moisture of the atmosphere to forn acids, causing rain to have a low ph.

118
Q

global warming

A

an increase in the earth’s temperature caused by an increasde in greenhouse gasses.

119
Q

ozone depletion

A

hole in ozone layer caused by use of fluorocarbons

120
Q

lindependant varible

A

the one that you change

121
Q

dependant varible

A

the one that changes due to the IV

122
Q

control group

A

group studied in norman conditions

123
Q

experimental group

A

group with one change or difference

124
Q

what axis is IV and DV

A

IV- x

DV- Y

125
Q

how can you make an experiment more valid

A

repete the experiment, increase the number of specimens or trails, peer review

126
Q

eyepiece

A

part you look through

127
Q

objective lens

A

the magnifying part colsest to the slide

128
Q

fine adjustment knob

A

used to focus on low and high power

129
Q

course adjustment knob

A

used to adjust only on low power

130
Q

stage

A

where slide is placed

131
Q

stage clips

A

holds slides in place

132
Q

diaphragm

A

controls the amount of light used

133
Q

how to calculate total magnification

A

eyepiece times objectives

134
Q

dichotomous keys

A

are tools to help in the classidication of organisms

Living Environment Boot Camp (1 decks)

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