Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Repeating KHIO 1 > 10 Vascular occlusions and myopathies > Flashcards

10 Vascular occlusions and myopathies Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors for hypertensive retinopathy:

A

> 40 yo
Stroke (related to cotton wool spots)
Heart failure
Brain damage
Renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ocular diseases related to hypertension

A

Retinal vein/artery occlusion
Ischaemic optic neuropathy
Progression of diabetic retinopathy
Glaucoma
AMD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pathophysiology of ocular hypertension:

A

Rising BP > vasospasm > retinal artery narrowing > hyperplasia (copper wiring) > venule compression (nipping)
BRB breakdown > haemorrhaging / lipid (hard) exudates > nerve ischemia (cotton wool spot) > disc oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stages of hypertensive retinopathy:

A

Mild: artery narrowing/coppering/nipping
Moderate: flame/blot haemorrhage, lipid exudate, cotton wool spot, microaneurysms
Severe: Disc oedema (papilloedema)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy management:

A

Mild: routine care
Moderate: Daily BP monitor
Severe: antihypertensive care
Treated via angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Retinal vein occlusion presentation

A

Dilated / tortuous veins with haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, macula/disk oedema.
Either central (whole retina affected), or branch (sectioned away from disc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Retinal vein occlusion risks

A

Hypertension (5x likely)
Diabetes
Stroke
Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Retinal vein occlusion complications:

A

Neovascularisation
Macula oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Retinal emboli presentation:

A

Small discoloured lesions in lumen of arterioles
Cholesterol crystals > reflective emboli (white)
Calcium/fibrin > non-reflective emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Retinal emboli epidemiology:

A

1.5% incidence >40yo
Asymptomatic emboli > 90% self resolved in 5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Retinal emboli risk factors

A

Hypertension
Diabetes
Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Retinal emboli causes and treatment

A

Plaque breakoff from large artery (carotid)
Treated via anticoagulants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion clinical presentation:

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
Whitening of retina with red macula (cherry red spot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Branch retinal artery occlusion clinical presentation

A

Visual field defect
Present with emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CRAO treatment:

A

Embolus dislodgment via eye massage, IOP decrease, bag hyperventilation (CO2 induced vasodilation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Retinal macroaneurysm:

A

Hypertension related artery rupture
Permeant vision loss with partial recovery with thrombosis of macroaneurysm

17
Q

Ischemic optic neuropathy epidemiology

A

Most common neuropathy >50yo
Mostly anterior optic nerve ischemia
Ant. Is either arteritic (artery inflammation) / non-arteritic (HT/DB related)

18
Q

Ischemic optic neuropathy presentation

A

Sudden vision loss
Ant. Ischemia > disc oedema
Pos. Ischemia > no disc oedema

19
Q

Diabetic retinopathy epidemiology:

A

1/3 diabetics at 40yo
Hypertension (high bp) increases progression with type-1 DB
Type-2 DB is unrelated to HT

20
Q

Diabetic retinopathy pathophysiology:

A

Hyperglycaemia > microaneuryms > vessel occlusion > retinal ischemia > VEGF increase > neovascularisation

21
Q

Diabetic retinopathy treatment:

A

Beta blocker (atenolol) decreases BP below 125mmHg
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors treat type-1 DB

22
Q

Glaucoma related to hypertension pathophysiology:

A

Vascular damage > poor Ant. ON circulation
Ciliary circulation interference > poor Aque. Flow

23
Q

Causes of epiretinal membrane

A

Idiopathic (most common)
Surgery/trauma
Diabetic retinopathy
Vein occlusion
Macula oedema
Retinal detachment
Age

24
Q

Epiretinal membrane epidemiology

A

Incidence increases >50yo
20% 75yo

25
Q

Epiretinal membrane pathophysiology:

A

Ageing vitreous > liquification > Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) > dehiscence in internal limiting membrane > microglial cell migration to preretinal surface > microglial interaction with hyalocytes/laminocytes > differentiation to epiretinal membrane

26
Q

Epiretinal membrane symptoms:

A

Asymptomatic (most common)
Metamorphopsia, photopsia, blur, floaters

27
Q

Epiretinal membrane classification:

A

Cellophane macular reflex: asymptomatic thin reflective membrane
Preretinal macular fibrosis: cellophane thickening / contraction > retinal folds, macula hole, metamorphopsia

28
Q

Management of epiretinal membrane:

A

pars-plana vitrectomy with ERM/ILM peel with dye (Trypan/Brilliant Blue, Indocyanine Green)
Must be combined with cataract surgery

29
Q

Epiretinal membrane complications:

A

Cataracts
Retinal detachment/break
Macula hole
Retinal haemorrhage
Endophthalmitis

Repeating KHIO 1 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions