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DS 11 2B Chemistry > 10. Using Resources > Flashcards

10. Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What are finite resources?

A

Those that are being used up at a faster rate than they can be replaced

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2
Q

Examples of finite resources?

A
  • oil
  • coal
  • gas
  • gold
  • helium
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3
Q

What are renewable resources?

A

Those that can be replaced at the same rate at which they are used up

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4
Q

Examples of renewable resources?

A
  • biofuel
  • tidal energy
  • wind energy
  • wood
  • geothermal
  • hydroelectric
  • cotton
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5
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Developments that meet the needs of today’s society, without endangering the ability of the future generations to meet their needs

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6
Q

How long does wood take to form?

A

10 years

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7
Q

How long does cotton take to form?

A

120-180 days

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8
Q

How long does coal take to form?

A

10 to the power of 6 years

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9
Q

What is wool used for?

A

Clothes, carpets

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10
Q

What is cotton used for?

A

Clothes, textiles

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11
Q

What is silk used for?

A

Clothes

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12
Q

What is linseed oil used for?

A

Paint

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13
Q

What is rubber used for?

A

Tyres

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14
Q

What is wood used for?

A

Construction

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15
Q

What is an alternative synthetic product to wool?

A

Acrylic fibre (polypropene)

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16
Q

What is an alternative synthetic product to cotton?

A

Polyester

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17
Q

What is an alternative synthetic product to silk?

A

Nylon

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18
Q

What is an alternative synthetic product to linseed oil?

A

Acrylic resin

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19
Q

What is an alternative synthetic product to rubber?

A

Various synthetic polymers e.g. polybutadiene

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20
Q

What is an alternative synthetic product to wood?

A

PVC composites (MDF)

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21
Q

Where do dissolved substances in rainwater come from?

A

As water reaches land it will dissolve substances it comes into contact with such as microorganisms from rocks and soil

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22
Q

How does rainwater become acidic?

A

The rainwater will dissolve gases from the atmosphere such as CO2 and nitrogen dioxide which will make it acidic

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23
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe enough to drink without it causing any health problems

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24
Q

How is rainwater made potable?

A
  • water passed through filter made of sand and gravel - remove insoluble particles e.g. mud
  • passed through screen of crossed metal bars to stop large objects e.g. twigs
  • left in settlement tank where sand and grit sink
  • aluminium sulphate added - smaller particles clump together and sink
  • larger particles removed
  • sterilise - microorganisms are removed using chlorine and ozone
  • pH corrected to neutral
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25
Q

What is used to sterilise rainwater?

A

Chlorine and ozone

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26
Q

How is sea water made potable?

A

Desalination

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27
Q

What are the methods of desalination?

A

Distillation and reverse osmosis

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28
Q

How is water desalinated using distillation?

A
  • water is heated and evaporates, leaving dissolved salts behind
  • water then cooled, condensed and collected
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29
Q

Advantages of using distillation to desalinate sea water?

A

In hot countries solar power can heat the water

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30
Q

Disadvantages of using distillation to desalinate sea water?

A

High energy costs to heat water

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31
Q

How is water desalinated using reverse osmosis?

A
  • water placed under pressure to overcome natural osmotic pressure
  • water passes through semipermeable membrane, leaving the solute behind
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32
Q

Advantages of using reverse osmosis to desalinate sea water?

A

No heating required

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33
Q

Disadvantages of using reverse osmosis to desalinate sea water?

A

Energy needed to apply pressure

Salt water corrodes the pumps

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34
Q

What are the sources of sewage?

A
  • toilets
  • bath/shower water
  • washing machines
  • dishwashers
  • agriculture e.g. hydroponics
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35
Q

Where does sewage water go?

A

To sewage treatment plants to make it safe before it can be returned to the environment, usually into rivers or the sea

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36
Q

What is the process of treating sewage water?

A
  • screened to remove large bits (twigs) and grit
  • sedimentation - heavier solids sink to the bottom to produce sediment
  • effluent floats on top
  • effluent removed and treated by aerobic digestion
  • sediment broken down by anaerobic digestion - producing methane which can be used as an energy source
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37
Q

What is effluent?

A

Liquid waste

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38
Q

What is aerobic digestion?

A

Where bacteria break down any organic matter

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39
Q

What is anaerobic digestion?

A

A series of biological processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen

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40
Q

What does anaerobic digestion produce?

A

Methane gas which can be used as an energy source

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41
Q

Advantages of treating sewage over desalination?

A
  • use methane for energy
  • use fertiliser afterwards
  • use less energy
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42
Q

Disadvantages of treating sewage over desalination?

A

People don’t like the idea of drinking water that used to be sewage

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43
Q

What is a metal ore?

A

Ores are naturally occurring rocks that contain enough metal or metal compounds to make it economical to extract them

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44
Q

What metals are said to be found native?

A

The least reactive ones e.g. silver, gold, platinum

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45
Q

What is malachite?

A

A copper ore containing copper carbonate

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46
Q

How is copper oxide produced from copper ore?

A

Thermal decomposition (smelting)

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47
Q

What is smelting?

A

Thermal decomposition

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48
Q

What is phytomining?

A

When plants absorb copper compounds through their roots and concentrate these compounds as a result. Plants can be burned to produce an ash that contains the copper compounds

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49
Q

Advantages of phytomining?

A
  • low cost
  • plants can be easily monitored
  • possibility of recovery and reuse of valuable metals
  • potentially least harmful method because it uses natural occurring organisms
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50
Q

Disadvantages of phytomining?

A
  • limited to the surface area and depth occupied by the roots
  • slow growth and low biomass require a long term commitment
  • survival of plants is affected by toxicity of contaminated land and condition of soil
  • contaminants into the plants can be passed on in food chain - so requires safe disposal
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51
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

The process of using bacteria to dissolve metals instead of chemical solutions

52
Q

Advantages of bioleaching?

A
  • simpler and cheaper to operate and maintain
  • more environmentally friendly
  • less landscape damage occurs
  • bacteria can be cultivated and recycled
  • can be to used extract from ores that are too poor for other technologies
53
Q

Disadvantages of bioleaching?

A
  • bacterial leaching process is slow - bringing in less profit
  • toxic chemicals are sometimes produced
  • sulphuric acids and H+ ions that have been formed can sometimes leak into the ground turning it acidic
54
Q

What are some copper alloys?

A

Bronze and brass

55
Q

What is bronze made of?

A

Copper and tin

56
Q

What is brass made of?

A

Copper and zinc

57
Q

What is bronze used for?

A
  • statues and decorative items

* ships, propellers

58
Q

Properties of bronze?

A

Strong, resistant to corrosion

59
Q

What is brass used for?

A

Hammered into intricate shapes, used to make musical instruments

60
Q

Properties of brass?

A

Harder than copper, still workable

61
Q

What are gold alloys used for?

62
Q

What is gold usually alloyed with?

63
Q

How do you find purity?

A

Divide carat number by 24 then multiply by 100

64
Q

Properties of aluminium alloys?

A

Low density, light weight but strong

65
Q

What are aluminium alloys used for?

A
  • making aircraft

* armour playing for military vehicles

66
Q

What are steels?

A

Alloys of carbon that contain carbon and other metals

67
Q

Properties of high carbon steel?

A

Strong but brittle

68
Q

Properties of low carbon steel?

A

Softer and more easily shaped

69
Q

Which steels are hard and resistant to corrosion?

A

Steels with chromium and nickel (stainless steels)

70
Q

What happens to molecules during polymerisation?

A
  • double bond between two carbon atoms is broken
  • another ethene monomer bonds to the first (addition polymerisation)
  • polymer chain grows and more ethene monomers bond
  • branching occurs at high temperatures and pressures
  • polyethene is formed
71
Q

What is the formula of polyethene?

72
Q

When does branching occur?

A

At high temperature and pressures, and if a catalyst is not used

73
Q

Properties of high density poly(ethene)?

A
  • fewer branches
  • strong intermolecular forces
  • strong polymers, more rigid
74
Q

What is high density poly(ethene) used for?

A

Plastic bottles, bottle caps, water pipes

75
Q

Properties of low density poly(ethene)?

A
  • more branched chains
  • weaker intermolecular forces
  • weaker, more flexible
76
Q

What is low density poly(ethene) used for?

A

Plastic bags, plastic wraps, cable insulation

77
Q

Which type of polymers can pack closely together?

A

Those with few or no branches such as polyethene. The chains are attracted to each other by intermolecular forces

78
Q

What type of plastics melt when heated?

A

Thermosoftening

79
Q

Properties of thermosoftening plastics?

A
  • melt when heated
  • no crosslinks between chains
  • held together by only intermolecular forces
  • low melting points
  • more flexible
80
Q

Examples of thermosoftening plastics?

A

Poly(ethene), poly(propene) and poly(vinyl chloride)

81
Q

Properties of thermosetting plastics?

A
  • do not melt when heated
  • held together by strong covalent cross link bonding
  • high boiling points
  • more rigid
82
Q

Examples of thermosetting plastics?

A

Vulcanised rubber and Bakerlite

83
Q

What is corrosion?

A

The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

84
Q

Example of corrosion?

85
Q

What are necessary for iron to rust?

A

Oxygen and water

86
Q

What is sacrificial protection?

A

Iron could be coated with a more reactive metal. The zinc will corrode first, preserving the iron

87
Q

What happens to iron structures that are too large to be galvanised?

A

Blocks of more reactive metal can be attached to the iron structure. They must be replaced before it all dissolves

88
Q

What happens when aluminium is being corroded?

A
  • aluminium is reactive and will quickly be oxidised

* aluminium oxide layer forms quickly and is not crumbly like iron oxide - acts like a protective coating

89
Q

Ways to prevent corrosion?

A
  • painting/covering in plastic or oil
  • sacrificial protection
  • galvanising
  • attaching a more reactive metal
90
Q

What is taken into account when considering the life cycle of a product?

A
  • extracting and processing raw materials
  • manufacturing and processing
  • use and operation during its lifetime
  • disposal at the end of its useful life
91
Q

How is a life cycle assessment carried out?

A
  • listing energy and material inputs and outputs to the environment
  • evaluating potential environmental impacts from inputs and outputs
  • interpreting results to make decisions about material, process, service
92
Q

How is LCA data presented?

A

Collected into a single score (1-10) - requires subjective judgement - bias from people who paid for study

93
Q

What does the term reduce mean?

A

Lessening the use of limited resources to make materials

94
Q

What does the term reuse mean?

A

Reusing products to reduce the production of new materials from limited resources

95
Q

What does the term recycle mean?

A

The process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects

96
Q

How are glass bottles recycled?

A

They are crushed and melted to make different glass products

97
Q

How are metals recycled?

A

By melting and recasting ore reforming into different products

98
Q

Examples of metals that can be recycled?

A
  • aluminium
  • steel
  • copper
  • silver
  • gold
99
Q

What is the difference between sacrificial protection and galvanising?

A
  • galvanising means coating with a more reactive metal which is more corrosion-resistant i.e. it’s covered in a metal that doesn’t corrode
  • sacrificial protection is when the reactive metal on top with oxidise instead of the metal underneath
100
Q

Is the Haber process reversible?

101
Q

What is the word equation for the Haber process?

A

Nitrogen + Hydrogen <> Ammonia

102
Q

What is the symbol equation for the Haber process?

A

N2 + 3H2 <> 2NH3

103
Q

Uses of ammonia?

A
  • make fertilisers
  • make explosives
  • as a cleaning agent in aqueous solution
104
Q

What type of bonding occurs between molecules in ammonia?

105
Q

Where does the nitrogen for the Haber process come from?

106
Q

Where does the hydrogen for the Haber process come from?

A

Methane + steam

107
Q

What does the Haber process do?

A

Creates ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

108
Q

What are the conditions for the Haber process?

A
  • temperature - 450*C
  • pressure 200 atm
  • iron catalyst
109
Q

What catalyst is used in the Haber process?

A

Iron catalyst

110
Q

What effect do medium temperatures have on equilibrium yield in the Haber process?

A

Temperature is decreased for an exothermic reaction so equilibrium shifts to the right in order to raise temperature and make more products

111
Q

What effect do medium temperatures have on rate in the Haber process?

A

Low temperatures would be cost effective but can’t conduct high rates of reaction - so slightly higher temperature is a compromise

112
Q

What effect do medium pressures have on equilibrium yield in the Haber process?

A

When pressure increases equilibrium shifts to the right so more products are formed

113
Q

What effect do medium pressures have on rate in the Haber process?

A

Higher pressures are more productive but not practical - expensive

114
Q

What effect does an iron catalyst have on equilibrium yield in the Haber process?

A

Won’t affect equilibrium

115
Q

What effect does an iron catalyst have on rate in the Haber process?

A

Increase rates of forwards and backwards reactions - reach equilibrium more quickly

116
Q

Why must minerals be soluble for plants?

A

So they can dissolve in water and plants can absorb them through their roots

117
Q

What are the minerals included in NPK fertilisers?

A
  • nitrogen
  • phosphorus
  • potassium
118
Q

What are the ions needed by plants?

A
  • nitrates - NO3-
  • phosphates - PO3-
  • potassium - K+
119
Q

How are fertilisers made?

A
  • prepared in the lab
  • reaction of an acid with a base in a neutralisation reaction
  • salt solution evaporated until crystals form and these are filtered and dried
120
Q

What is the base in the neutralisation reaction when making synthetic fertilisers?

121
Q

Word equation for ammonium nitrate?

A

Ammonia + Nitric Acid -> Ammonium Nitrate

122
Q

Word equation for ammonium sulfate?

A

Ammonia + Sulfuric Acid -> Ammonium Sulfate

123
Q

Word equation for potassium nitrate?

A

Potassium + Nitric Acid -> Potassium Nitrate

124
Q

What are the sources of phosphate and potassium for fertilisers?

A

Potassium chloride + sulfide and phosphate rock are obtained by mining, but phosphate rock cannot be used directly as a fertiliser

125
Q

How is phosphate rock treated?

A

With nitric/sulfuric acid to produce soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers

126
Q

How does the production of fertilisers between the laboratory and in industry differ?

A
  • lab is small scale; industry large scale
  • lab - product made in batches; industry produces continuous flow
  • lab - ammonia titrated with acid; industry - ammonia gas added to concentrated acid
  • lab - dilute reactants; industry - concentrated reacntants
  • lab - crystallisation; industry - heat from exo reaction used to evaporate water from mixture and give concentrated product
127
Q

What are the sources of most of the salts in NPK fertilisers?

A
  • mining

* manufactured by reacting acids with bases

DS 11 2B Chemistry (10 decks)

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