10- Urinary system

Question 1

What does the urinary system comprise?

Answer 1

The kidneys and urinary tract

The kidneys filter blood to produce urine, which flows along the urinary tract and is excreted from the body.

Question 2

What is the function of the bladder?

Answer 2

Temporarily stores urine until it is appropriate to urinate.

Question 3

What are the yellow organs not part of the urinary system?

Answer 3

Adrenal glands

Question 4

Where do the kidneys lie?

Answer 4

High up on the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum.

Question 5

Why does the right kidney lie at a slightly lower level than the left?

Answer 5

Because of the liver.

Question 6

Which ribs do the left and right kidneys lie on?

Answer 6

Left Kidney: Crossed by the 11th and 12th ribs. Right Kidney: Usually only crossed by the 12th rib.

Question 7

What is perinephric fat?

Answer 7

Fat around the renal corpuscle.

Question 8

What is paranephric fat?

Answer 8

Fat posterior to the kidney.

Question 9

Which organs lie in contact with the anterior surface of the right kidney?

Answer 9

• Liver
• Duodenum
• Ascending colon
• Small intestine

Question 10

Which organs lie in contact with the anterior surface of the left kidney?

Answer 10

• Stomach
• Spleen
• Pancreas
• Left colic flexure
• Small intestine

Question 11

What are the important posterior relations of the right kidney?

Answer 11

• Diaphragm
• Psoas major muscle
• Quadratus lumborum muscle
• 12th rib
• Subcostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves

Question 12

What are the important posterior relations of the left kidney?

Answer 12

• Diaphragm
• Psoas major muscle
• Quadratus lumborum muscle
• 11th and 12th ribs
• Subcostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves

Question 13

In which region of the kidney are the renal corpuscles located?

Answer 13

Renal cortex

Question 14

What is the renal sinus?

Answer 14

A cavity which contains the renal pelvis, calyx, renal blood vessels, and nerves.

Question 15

Which structures unite to form the ureteric pelvis?

Answer 15

Major calyces

Question 16

What structures are located at the hilum of the kidney?

Answer 16

• Renal vein
• Renal artery
• Ureter

Question 17

Which veins drain into the left renal vein?

Answer 17

• Left gonadal vein
• Left suprarenal vein

Question 18

Which veins drain into the right renal vein?

Answer 18

• Right suprarenal vein
• Right gonadal vein

Question 19

What is pyelonephritis?

Answer 19

Inflammation/infection of the kidney.

Question 20

What symptoms does pyelonephritis cause?

Answer 20

• Fever
• Sickness
• Back pain

Question 21

What serious problems can result from pyelonephritis?

Answer 21

• Kidney failure
• Septicaemia

Question 22

What is a renal calculus?

Answer 22

Medical term for kidney stones.

Question 23

What symptoms do renal calculi cause?

Answer 23

• Blocks bladder
• Severe abdomen pain

Question 24

What serious problems can result from renal calculi?

Answer 24

• Blockage of ureter
• Blockage of urethra

Question 25

What is a nephrostomy?

Answer 25

Opening between the kidney and skin for urine drainage.

Question 26

When is a nephrostomy performed?

Answer 26

When there is a blood clot, kidney stones, or a blocked ureter.

Question 27

What do the suprarenal glands secrete?

Answer 27

* Corticosteroids * Androgens * Noradrenaline

Question 28

How many arteries supply each adrenal gland?

Answer 28

3

Question 29

Why do the adrenals have such a rich blood supply?

Answer 29

Highly vascularized because they excrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 30

What is the course of the ureter in the pelvis?

Answer 30

* Crosses the pelvic brim at the level of the iliac vessels. * Runs anterior to the internal iliac artery and veins. * Passes under the uterine artery in females; behind the ductus deferens in males. * Enters the bladder at the ureterovesical junction.

Question 31

What bony landmarks do the ureters cross?

Answer 31

* Transverse Processes of the Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5) * Iliac Crests * Pelvic Brim

Question 32

What structure crosses the ureter in the male pelvis?

Answer 32

Vas deferens

Question 33

What structure crosses the ureter in the female pelvis?

Answer 33

Uterine artery

Question 34

What is the blood supply to the upper ureter?

Answer 34

Renal artery

Question 35

What is the blood supply to the middle ureter?

Answer 35

Common iliac artery, gonadal artery

Question 36

What is the blood supply to the distal ureter?

Answer 36

* Internal iliac artery * Male - superior vesicle artery * Female - uterine artery

Question 37

How are the ureters identified during surgery?

Answer 37

* Position behind the peritoneum * Along the psoas major muscle * Using anatomical landmarks like the iliac vessels * Observing peristalsis or using contrast dye

Question 38

What are the consequences of failing to identify the ureter during surgery?

Answer 38

* Ureteral injury * Ureteral obstruction * Urinary fistulas

Question 39

Where does the ureter narrow?

Answer 39

* At the renal pelvis * At the pelvic brim * At the ureterovesical junction

Question 40

What is the clinical significance of the narrow points of the ureter?

Answer 40

Common sites for kidney stones to become lodged.

Question 41

What is the normal capacity of the bladder?

Answer 41

400-600 mL

Question 42

Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls bladder muscle relaxation during urination?

Answer 42

Parasympathetic

Question 43

What is urinary retention?

Answer 43

Where a person can produce urine but is unable to urinate.

Question 44

What problems can urinary retention cause?

Answer 44

* Bladder distention * Urinary tract infections (UTIs) * Kidney damage * Bladder stones

Question 45

What is suprapubic catheterization?

Answer 45

A procedure where a catheter is inserted through the skin above the pubic bone directly into the bladder.

Question 46

What is an advantage of suprapubic catheterization?

Answer 46

Bypasses the urethra, reducing the risk of urethral injury or infection.

Question 47

What are the symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in women?

Answer 47

* Frequent urination * Pain or burning sensation * Cloudy or foul-smelling urine * Lower abdominal or pelvic pain * Blood in urine

Question 48

What are the four parts of the male urethra?

Answer 48

* Pre-prostatic * Prostatic * Membranous * Spongy

Question 49

What surrounds the pre-prostatic part of the male urethra?

Answer 49

Internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) and bladder neck.

Question 50

What surrounds the prostatic part of the male urethra?

Answer 50

Prostate gland.

Question 51

What surrounds the membranous part of the male urethra?

Answer 51

External urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle) and urogenital diaphragm.

Question 52

What surrounds the spongy part of the male urethra?

Answer 52

Corpus spongiosum (erectile tissue) of the penis.

Question 53

What is an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)?

Answer 53

An X-ray of the abdomen taken after administration of intravenous contrast medium.

Question 54

What would an IVP show if a patient had a kidney stone obstructing the ureter at the pelvic brim?

Answer 54

Radiopaque shadow at the pelvis brim.