Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychological disorders > 10. Schizophrenia > Flashcards

10. Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Schizophrenia is characterised by…

A

Distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Number of people affected by schizophrenia worldwide

A

20 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder, inappropriate effect, disorganised speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Alogia (poverty of speech), avolition and anhedonia (flat effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cognitive deficit symptoms

A

Impairment in attention, learning and working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 risk factors

A

1) Pre and peri-natal events
2) Having an older father
3) Sex - more frequent in men
4) Environment - disadvantaged areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe drug abuse as a risk factor

A
  • Amphetamine, methamphetamine and cocaine can result in SZ
  • Cannabis > transient psychotic symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe social adversity as a risk factor

A
  • Childhood physical/sexual abuse, maltreatment and bullying can all be risky
  • Increased rate of intrusive life events before onset
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How much of the variance does implicated loci account for?

A

3.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 5 of the genetic risk factors

A

1) DRD2 - codes for D2 receptor
2) GRM3 - encodes for metabotropic glutamate receptor
3) GRIN2A - encodes for GluN2A
4) GRIA1 - encodes for GluA1
5) SRR - encodes serine racemase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What occurs to brain volumes in SZ

A

Total white and grey matter reduces as well as volume compared to healthy controls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What occurs to ventricular volume in SZ

A

It increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What occurs to cortical thickness in SZ

A

The volume decreases and is localised to the bilateral insult and the ACC, hypothalamus, and left uncus and amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the abnormal salience processing and emergence of hallucinations

A

Increased striatal DA uptake is seen in SZ patients - it is linked to prefrontal cortex activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe hallucinations in SZ

A

The activation of auditory and speech processing cortices have been linked to hearing voices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What occurs to the social brain in SZ?

A

The medial PFC, tempo parietal junction and amygdala are key regions of the social brain, and are abnormal in schizophrenic patients.

17
Q

Describe working memory as a cognitive symptom

A

Quantitative abnormalities in the dorsolateral PFC cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex

18
Q

Describe episodic memory as a cognitive symptom

A

SZ patients show reduced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation and decreased activation of hippocampal formation

19
Q

What occurred in 1952?

A

Chlorpromazine effects on mental state were discovered

20
Q

What occurred in 1954?

A

The drug got FDA approval

21
Q

What occurred in 1964?

A

50 million people had been treated with chlorpromazine

22
Q

What occurred in 1964-1969?

A

First reports of efficacy in comparison to placebos - phenothiazines were equally effective.

23
Q

Define parkinonism

A

Parkinson-like motor symptoms

24
Q

Define tardive dyskinesia

A

Involuntary neurological movement disorder, with jerky or slow twisting movements

25
Q

What does SZ result from?

A

Overactivity in the mesolimbic DA system.

26
Q

What can exacerbate psychosis in SZ patients?

A

Drugs which drive dopamine release or increase dopamine transmission

27
Q

Name some evidence for the dopamine theory.

A
  • All antipsychotic drugs block D2 receptors at clinically effective doses
  • There’s an increase in D2 receptor density
  • There’s a decrease in D1 density
28
Q

Issues with the dopamine hypothesis - negative symptoms

A

These do not respond to first generation antipsychotic treatment despite the D2 receptor antagonism.

29
Q

Expand on the clozapine atypical profile.

A

There is a low incidence of side effects including Parkinsonism, and no tardive dyskinesia.

30
Q

Expand on the clozapine receptor profile

A
  • Low affinity for D2 receptors
  • High affinity for D4 receptors
  • High affinity for 5-HT2 receptors
  • High affinity for a2 - noradrenergic receptors
  • D1 receptor agonist effects
31
Q

What is the effect of antipsychotics on D2 receptors

A

All antipsychotics, typical and atypical, block dopamine receptors

32
Q

Define the dopamine serotonin hypothesis

A

When atypical antipsychotics have a bigger affinity for the 5-HT2 receptor, compared to the D2 receptor. A blockade of the 5-HT2 receptor antagonises the increased neuronal activity during a WM task.

33
Q

Mention antagonism at adrenoreceptors

A

Antagonism at adrenoreceptors is more pronounced for second generation APDs than for first generation APDs.

34
Q
A

Psychological disorders (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions