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Chemisty Paper 2 > 10 Resources > Flashcards

10 Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What do we use our resources for? (UER R Ch)

A

we use resources to provide warmth, shelter, food and transport

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2
Q

How are most of our resources produced? (UER R Ch)

A

by agriculture

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3
Q

What is a resource we get from agriculture? (UER R Ch)

A
  1. cotton which is produced from a plant. Modern agriculture allows us to grow enough cotton to meet the needs of the world
  2. timber or fuel and many power stations now run on biofuels such as woodchips.
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4
Q

What is an example of a natural resource being replaced by a synthetic alternative? (UER R Ch)

A

rubber

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5
Q

Where does rubber come from? (UER R Ch)

A

natural rubber comes from the sap of a tree however synthetic rubber is produced using crude oil. Around two thirds of the rubber used in the world is now synthetic.

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6
Q

What does it mean when a natural resource is finite? (UER R Ch)

A

they cannot be replaced as quickly as they are being used. e.g fossil fuels

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7
Q

What are two examples of finite resources? (UER R Ch)

A

fossil fuels and metals

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8
Q

What is an example of a renewable resource? (UER R Ch)

A

wood, we can replace these resources as quickly as we use them

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9
Q

What are renewable resources? (UER R Ch)

A

resources that will never run out

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10
Q

What does sustainablility mean? (UER R Ch)

A

we can meet our needs without preventing future generations from meeting theirs

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11
Q

What are ways that chemistry helps us be sustainable? (UER R Ch)

A
  1. artificial fertilisers allow us to grow more food with the land available
  2. provide water that is safe to drink
  3. processes such as phytomining and bioleaching help to extract metals more efficiently
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12
Q

what is in potable water? (PW R Ch)

A

drinking water has to have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts such as sodium chloride. Drinking water cannot have high levels of microbes such as bacteria

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13
Q

What is the name for drinking water? (PW R Ch)

A

potable water

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14
Q

What is in pure water? (PW R Ch)

A

pure water in the chemical sense conatains no dissolved substaces at all

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15
Q

Where do we get most of our potable water from in the UK? (PW R Ch)

A

rain water provides most of our potable water. Rain water contains low levels of dissolved substances. Rain water collects in the ground in aquifers and in lakes, rivers and in reservoirs.

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16
Q

Where are good sources of fresh water? (PW R Ch)

A

aquifers, rivers, lakes and reservoirs.

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17
Q

How do we produce potable water? (PW R Ch)

A
  1. choose a good source of fresh water
  2. pass the water through filter beds. That is to remove materials such as leaves and suspended particles
  3. the water is sterilised to kill microbes. In the UK we can use chlorine to sterilise potable water (in some other parts of the world they use ozone or ultra violet light)
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18
Q

Where do countries get their water from when fresh water is scarce? (PW R Ch)

A

the only available water may be too salty to drink e.g sea water. Sea water has very high levels of dissolved minerals. IN these countries potable water is produced by desalination.

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19
Q

What does desalination mean? (PW R Ch)

A

desaliniation reduces the levels of dissolved minerals down to an acceptable level for potable water.

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20
Q

What are the ways of carrying out desalination?(PW R Ch)

A

distillation or passing the water through membranes (reverse osmosis)
They both reduce the levels of disolved minerals. However both processes require large amounts of energy which makes them expensive

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21
Q

What is the pH of pure water? (RP8 R Ch)

A

pH 7 / it’s neutral

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22
Q

What is the pH of potable water? (RP8 R Ch)

A

may not be 7 but it will be pretty close to it

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23
Q

How do we establish if a water sample is pure? (RP8 R Ch)

A
  1. check the pH of the water ~ pure water has a pH of 7
    - we do this by placing a small amount of the water onto a piece of universal indicator paper ~ turns green if the pH is 7
  2. If the pH is 7 then it still doesn’t mean that the sample is pure water as it could still contain dissolved solids
    - use a balance to weigh an empty evaporating basin ~ record the mass
    - fill the evaportating basin with our water sample and place on a tipod and gauze.
    - use a bunsen burner to gently heat the water until it has all evaporated
    - allow the evaporating basin to cool and then weigh it again
    If the evaporating basin contained any dissolved solids then the mass of the empty evaporating basin will have increased because the water has evaporated but the dissolved solids will have formed crystals on the surface of the evaporating basin. If the mass of the evaportaing basin did not increase then the water did not contain any dissolved solids and could be pure
  3. the water may still contain dissolved gases so it might not be pure ~ this is not investigated in this practical
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24
Q

how do we purify water by distillation? (RP8 R Ch)

A

Equiptment: a conical flask containing our water sample. The conical flask is on a tripod and gauze. The top of the conical flask has a delivery tube and this is pointed into a test tube. The test tube is sitting in a beaker containing ice and water
1. gently heat the water using a bunsen burner ~ we want it to boil gently
2. at this point the water will evaporate and form water vapour.
3. the water vapour now travels along the collecting tube
4. when the water vapour entres the cold test tube it condenses back into liquid water ~ this is called distilled water (pure water ~ this contains no dissolved solids and has a pH of 7)

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25
What does waste water contain? (WWT R Ch)
a very large amount of organic molecules (e.g urine and faeces) and contains harmful microorganisms such as bacteria. This means that it has to be carefully treated before being released back into the enviroment
26
How is waste water treated? (WWT R Ch)
1. the sewage is screened by passing through a mesh ~ removes solids and pieces of grit 2. the sewage is allowed to settle in large sedimentation tanks ~ produces a liquid effluent and a semi-solid sludge which sinks 3. the sludge is taken away and digested by anaerobic bacteria ~ in the absense of oxygen these bacteria produce biogas which can be burned for electricity 4. the digested sludge can be used as fertiliseres for farming 5. the liquid effluent that is produced in the large sedimentation tanks contains large amount of organic molecules and harmful microorganisms. Both of these need to be reduced before the water is returned to the enviroment. So air is bubbled through the liquid effluent. This allows aerobic bacteria to multiply. In the presence of oxygen, the aerobic bacteria digest the organic molecules and harmful microorganisms 6. the liquid effluent can be safely discharged into nearby rivers or the sea.
27
what happens when we need to treat water that has been involved in industry? (WWT R Ch)
a lot of water is used by industry, e.g in making paper and chemicals. When this water is treated, any harmful chemicals first need to be removed. After this stage, the water can safely enter general sewage treatment
28
What is the easiest way to produce potable water? (WWT R Ch)
to use ground water from aquifers ~ usually this is safe to drink, once it has been treated with chlorine however they can sometimes be polluted by things like fertilisers from farms so the water needs to be tested carefully
29
What type of water is used to produce potable water in places where water is scarce? (WWT R Ch)
they use waste water and afte the regular treatments it requires a lot of purification stages so it is only done where water is scarce
30
How do we get potable water from salt water? (WWT R Ch)
the water is put through desalination but it requires a lot of energy and is expensive
31
What does a life-cycle assessment mean? (LCA R Ch)
it attempts to put a number on the enviromental impact of a product
32
What are the four main stages to a life cycle assessment? (LCA R Ch)
1. we need to assess the enviromental impact of extracting and processing the raw materials ~ many modern products contain plastics and metals such as copper; polymers such as plastics are produced using crude oil. 2. we can manufacture our product, package it and transport it. all of these stages require energy and they may release harmful waster products 3. assess the enviromental impact of the product during its lifetime. (e.g a large number of batteries, producing bateries creates lots of toxic waste) 4. assess the disposal of the product at the end of its useful life (many modern products conatin a number of harmful chemicals which have to be disposed of properly and again this requires a lot of energy) ( it also takes a lot of energy to transport used products for disposal e.g to a landfill or recycling centre)
33
what is the enviromental impact of extracting and processing polymers such as plastics from crude oil? (LCA R Ch)
the oil has to be extracted from the ground and then transported to oil refineries. the hydrocarbons have to be separated and then cracked. Finally the polymer has to be produced. All of this requires a lot of energy (some from fossil fuels leading to climate change)
34
what is the enviromental impact of extracting and processing metals? (LCA R Ch)
ore has to be dug out of the mine and transported for processing. the metal then has to be extracted from the ore and this can produce large amounts of toxic waste products.
35
anaylse how are plastic and paper bags produced? (LCA R Ch)
-plastic bags are produced using chemicals from crude oil ~ non renewable crude oil can be harmful to habitiats e.g if there is an oil leak plastic shopping bags are strong and they are often reused (bin liners) non biodegrabale ~ not broken down by microorganisms so major form of litter and fill up landills - paper bags are made from wood from trees ~ renewable felling trees for wood is also extremely destructive to habitiats such as forests making paper also requires a huge amount water paper shopping bags are not as strong and tend to tear ~ used once before thrown away paper breaks down quickly especialy when wet both the crude oil and wood need to be chemically processed ~ this requires a large amount of energy and released waste products At the end of their lives both plastic and paper bags are transported to either recycling or landfills. paper bags are often heavier so can take more energy to transport
36
What are th eissues with life cycle assesments? (LCA R Ch)
- we can measure the use of water and energy. We can also measure the production of some waste products HOWEVER we cannot always be certain of how damaging these are the eviroment. This means that in some cases we have got to make estimates or value judgements. These may not always be accurate - life cycle assessments can be biased e.g to support claims by advertisers
37
How is quarrying harmful to the enviroment? (R R Ch)
produces large amount of dust and destroys habitats
38
How is mining harful to the enviroment? (R R Ch)
it can release harful chemicals into the enviroment
39
How do we reduce our need for raw materials? (R R Ch)
reusing or recycling, this will help to save limited resources and energy. it will also reduce the amount of waste that we produce and have a less harmful effect on the enviroment
40
What is an example of a product that can simply be reused? (R R Ch)
glass bottles
41
how do we recycle metals? (R R Ch)
we melt them and then recast them into different products
42
What are the problems with recycling metals? (R R Ch)
different metals usually need to be separated before being recycled but that depends on the properties of the final product e.g some scrap seel can be added to iron from a blast furnace which reduces the amount of iron that we need to extract from iron ore
43
What is the exact definiton corrosion? (C R Ch)
the destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the enviroment.
44
What are the examples of corrosion? (C R Ch)
- rusting
45
What are the only two materials that can be rusted? (C R Ch)
- iron - alloys of iron and steel
46
How do we stop corrosion? (C R Ch)
using a barrier between the enviroment and the materials that we want to protect
47
What are some barrier methods to stop corrosion? (C R Ch)
- grease or paint - electroplating - galvanising
48
What is electroplating? (C R Ch)
coat a material with a metal
49
What happens when aluminium metal reacts with the oxygen in the air? (C R Ch)
aluminium oxide is formed which is a hard outer layer and protects the metal underneath from any further corrosion
50
What is galvanising? (C R Ch)
coating a metal with zinc. The layer of zinc acts as a barrier against air and water. This prevents the iron from corroding. Also zinc is more reactive than iron which means that the zinc corrodes instead of the iron sacrificial protection
51
What are the two ceramics we look at? (CC R Ch)
glass and clay
52
how do we make soda lime glass? (CC R Ch)
mix together sand, sodium carbonate and lime stone. Heat in a furnace until it melts. When it cools it can be in any shape we want. However it has a relativley low melting point which limits its uses
53
What are the two types of glass we study? (CC R Ch)
- soda lime glass ~ lower melting point - borosilicate glass ~ higher melting point
54
How is borocilicate glass made? (CC R Ch)
melting a mixture of sand and boron trioxide
55
How are most composites made? (CC R Ch)
made by combining two different materials
56
What are the two different materials in composites? (CC R Ch)
- the reinforcement ~ consists of fibres or fragments of one material - matrix or binder material
57
What are two example of composites? (CC R Ch)
carbon fibre composite reinforced concrete l;lkk
58
What is the process that creates ammonia? (HP R Ch)
the haber process
59
What is the equation for the haber process? (HP R Ch)
iron catalyst <_____________ N2(g) + 3H2(g) ____________> 2NH3(g)
60
What are the raw materials for ammonia and how do we get them? (HP R Ch)
nitrogen (extracted from the air) and hydrogen (produced by reacting methane with steam)
61
What are the conditions for when the purified nitrogen and hydrogen is passed over an iron catalyst during the Haber Process? (HP R Ch)
450 degrees and 200 atmospheres pressure so that it makes some of the hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia
62
The haber process is a reversible reaction, what does this mean? (HP R Ch)
some of the ammonia breaks back down into nitrogen and hydrogen
63
How do we increase the yeild of the haber process? (HP R Ch)
cool the ammonia to turn it into a liquid which is removed. We can then recycle the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen back over the catalyst
64
What does La Chatelier's principle state and how does this apply to the haber process? (HP R Ch)
if a system is at equilibrium and a change is made to any of the conditions, then the system responds to counteract the change. We can adjust the temperature and the pressure to shift the position of the equilibrium towards the right hand side (to produce more ammonia). Also a higher pressure will push the equilibrium to the right hand side as well
65
What happens when we shift the temperature of the haber process and why? (HP R Ch)
through La Chatelier's process we can get a greater yield of ammonia. the forward reaction is exothermic which means that a relativley cool temperature will shift the equilbrium to the right hand side. However a cooler temperature makes the reaction slow so we use 450 degrees as a compromise between the two outcomes to have a relativley fast rate and a relativley high yield of ammonia.
66
What are the two things in the haber process that increase the rate of reaction?(HP R Ch)
1. iron catalyst 2. keeping the temperature higher (but not too high so that we can get a bigger yield of ammonia) 3. keep the pressure higher
67
why do we have the haber process at 200 atmospheres of pressure? (HP R Ch)
because it is expensive and dangerous to go any higher.

Chemisty Paper 2 (9 decks)

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