1.0 Psychological Factors Affecting Performance Flashcards
What is a simple skill - give an example
Little info to process - catching a ball
Define a complex skill
Large amount of info to process - triple jump
What is an open skill
Environment constantly changing
What is a gross skill
Skill involving large muscle groups - long jump
What is a self paced skill
Performer chooses the rate the skill is executed - penalty shooter
What is a low organisation skill
Sun-routines are easily separated - triple jump
What is a discrete skill
A skill that has a clear beginning and end - free shot in basketball
What is a serial skill
A group of discrete skill forming a complex skill
State 3 things associated with a cognitive learner
1) performers requires a demonstration
2) trail and error is a feature
3) motor programmes start to form
State 3 things associated with an associative learner
1) fewer errors occur
2) become more successful
3) kinaesthesia start to develop
State 3 things associated with an autonomous learner
1) skill has been grooved
2) skill is automatic
3) performer is confident
What is whole-part-whole practice
Compete the entire skill then break it down into subroutines then complete whole skill again
What is massed practice
Continuous/ no rest intervals
What is distributed practice
Short intervals
What is mechanical guidance
Use of equipment
Eg. Cones to go in and out off
Disadvantage- can become over reliant
What’s manual guidance
Physical support of the performer
What is intrinsic feedback
Feedback from an internal source - proprioceptors
What is positive feedback
Strengthens the S-R bond
What are the 3 stages to Atkinson and shiffrens multi stage model
1) short term sensory story
2) short term memory
3) long term memory
What is selective attention
Focusing on the relevant cues and ignoring the irrelevant ones
What is Craik and Lockhart levels of processing
- Considered, understood, meaning
- Structural, phonetic, semantic
The deeper the level of processing the stronger the memory becomes
What is operant conditioning
Learnt by making an association- stimulus and response
What are thorndykes three laws
1) law or readiness
2) law of exercise
3) low of effect
What is cognitive theory
Skill considers the whole environment- basketball player In a game
What is Banduras observational learning theory
1) attention
2) retention
3) motor reproduction
4) motivation
What is positive and negative transfer
When the performance of one skill (helps/hinders) the learning of another skill
What is proactive transfer
When A previously learned skill impacts a skill currently being learned
What is retroactive transfer
When the learning of a new skill influences the performing of an old skill
What is bilateral transfer and give an example
The ability to transfer a skill from one side of the body to the other - dominant to non-dominant
Define personality
Characteristics/ traits that influence behaviour
What is trait theory
Personality is innate (always in you) / genetic/ born with it
What is Eysencks trait theory
Everyone is either a introvert or extrovert - stable or neurotic
Extrovert traits/ introvert
1)Loud/ confident/ outgoing
2) easily/seeks aroused
3) lacks concentration
INTROVERT = OPPOSITE
Stable/ neurotic traits
1) predictable/ unpredictable
2) calm/ excited
3) doesn’t have high stress/ does
4) recovers from stress quickly/ slowly
Type A/ B trait theory
1) Highly competitive
2) works fast
3) likes control
TYPE B = OPPOSITE
Positives/ negatives of trait theory
1) Personality is genetic. Eg. Aggression
2) behaviour is predictable
Negatives
1) it’s too simple
2) does not acknowledge environment
Define an attitude
A learned emotional and behavioural response to a situation
Factors effecting the formation of an attitude
1- peers
2- role models
3- parents/ family
4- media
5- religion
What are the three components of an attitude
Cognitive
Affective
Behavioural
What is persuasive communication
Using verbal and visual guidance to chance a component of an individuals attitudes
The effectiveness of persuasive communication is dependent on what
Status of persuader
The recipient
The message
The situation
What is cognitive dissonance and how is it created?
Uses emotional conflict to change an individuals attitude and it’s created by when two or more components differ
Define intrinsic motivation and give an example
The internal drive to succeed. Eg- personal development
Define extrinsic motivation?
An external drive to succeed.eg. Rewards
An advantage and disadvantage of intrinsic motivation?
Ad: self sufficient
Considered strongest for of motivation
Dis: not as effective for cognitives
Internal drive fluctuate
Advantage and disadvantage of external motivation
Ad: good for cognitive learners
Improves confidence
Dis: can become overreliant
Define the term arousal
Arousal is a degree of psychological and physiological readiness
That are the two types of arousal and give an example
Cognitive arousal(psychological) eg selective attention
Somatic arousal(physiological) eg HR
What is drive theory
/ As arousal increases so does performance due to the dominant response
What type is skill and stages of learning in the drive theory best suited for
Simple and gross skills Benefit from high arousal. It’s good for Autonomous performers as they can deal with it therefore cognitive learners require low arousal
State two strengths and two weaknesses of drive theory
Simple to understand and it can be applied to some skills.
It doesn’t allow for individual differences and it doesn’t work for certain types of skills
For inverted U theory optimal levels of arousal differs depending on 3 factors, what are they
Personality
Stage or learning
Skill type
What are the 3 strengths of inverted U theory
Consider skill type ,experience and personality
Considers optimal arousal
Explains over arousal
What is the one weakness of the inverted U theory
Doesn’t consider both types of arousal
What are the 5 points of catastrophe theory
1- as somatic A increases, performance Increases
2- peaks performance occurs is cognitive arousal is controlled
3- high C arousal causes a drop in P
4- if C Arousal still increases , performance doesn’t recover
5- if C arousal can be controlled, performance recovers
What are the 3 strengths of catastrophe theory
Uses both arousal
Shows a catastrophic drop
Shows that performance can recover
What is a negative of catastrophe theory
Performance drop is not always catastrophic
Define the term anxiety
It’s a negative emotional state associated with over arousal/ stress
What are cognitive responses to anxiety
Stress, worry, self doubt, nervous
What are some responses to somatic anxiety
HR increases, breathing rate increases, blood pressure increases, sweaty hands and headaches
Define the zone of optimal functioning
When the performers levels of anxiety/ arousal is at optimal level, performance will be at its peak
4 characteristics of a performer in the zone
Performers is focused
Confidence is high
They are in Control of there emotions
Performance if smooth
Differences in the ZOF
It’s different in each performer
Biggest factor is personality
Define the term aggression
Any action, carried out with the intention to causes harm, outside the laws of sport
What are 4 things that’s instinct theory argues
It’s a natural human response
It’s builds up and must be released
It’s triggered by and increase in arousal
One strength and one weakness if of instinct theory
It’s an accepted human trait
It’s too simple and doesn’t account for the environment
Define what is meant by social learning theory of aggression
It’s a learned response and it’s learned by observing and copying.
PR increases repition
NR decreases repetition
More likely to be copied by a role model
Critical evaluate social learning theory
Well established and recognises theory.
People don’t always copied what is observed
Define frustration aggression
It occurs when a goal directed behaviour is blocked
Eg loosing or playing bad
Frustration leads to aggression
If aggression is successful catharsis occurs
If unsuccessful the cycles continues
Critically evaluate frustration aggression theory
It explains how aggression builds up and there’s plenty of evidence to link frustration and aggression
It doesn’t always lead to aggression and a goal blocked also doesn’t always lead to aggression
What is the aggressive cue theory
An increase in frustration is to increase in aggression however a stimulus is required to trigger aggression. 
Give 3 examples of a cue that could trigger it
Opposition behaviour
Perceives unfairness
Nature of activity
Give two strengths of aggressive cue theory
It’s considered the most realistic theory and explains why aggression does not always occur
Define the term social facilitation and give an example
The audience have a positive effect on performance, e.g. a hockey goalkeeper plays better in front of an audience
Defined the term social inhibition and give an example
The audience has a negative effect on performance, e.g. a footballer plays bad when they are in front of an audience 
Defined the term evaluative apprehension
Arousal levels increased due to perceive judgement by an audience
Give factors that an audience can affect on a performer
Increases level of arousal
Increase in arousal levels to increase probability of the dominant response
Three factors that can limit the impact of an audience
 Train in front of an audience
Use of techniques to control arousal
Groove the skill - dominant response
Define the term attribution
The reasons that a performer gives for success or failure. E.g. we won today because we played well.
 Define the term locus of causality and locus of stability
Identifies those factors that are internal or external
Identifies those factors that are stable or unstable
What are four main attributions did weiners model identify
Luck
Task difficulty
Effort
Ability
Define the term locus of control
The extent to which an outcome is controllable / under the control of the performer
Define the term learned helplessness
The feeling that failure is inevitable. Leads to avoidance behaviour.
Define the term mastery orientation
The performer is in control of the outcome. Approach behaviour.
What is sporting confidence
The belief that an individual has to be successful in sport, e.g. outcome of performance
Define What is meant by trait and state confidence?
Innate levels of self belief
Situation specific levels of belief
Define what is meant by self efficacy
The levels of sport confidence to an individual has in a specific situation
What are five factors that impact of confidence has on a performer
Increased performance
Increased motivation
Develops approach behaviour
Increase participation
Increased self-esteem
What are the six stages in vealeys of sport confidence?
Sporting context
State confidence
Trait confidence
Competitive orientation, the performers willingness to take a risk
Behaviour response
Subjective perception of outcome
What are four factors that affect self-confidence in banduras theory of self efficacy
Performer accomplishments
Vicarious experiences
Verbal persuasion
Emotional arousal, the performer understand the impact of arousal on performance and can control it
What are five characteristics of an effective leader?
Motivated
Clear goal
Confident
Good listening skills
Good knowledge of the school
Explain what an emergent leader is, and give an example
 The leader is selected from within the team/by the team members, e.g. a group of football players choose the new Captain
What are the benefits of an emergent leader
Accepted by the group and knows the players
Define a perscribed leader and give an example
A leader is selected from outside the group/coach or team manager, e.g. a new manager comes in and picks a new Captain
Give four factors of an autocratic leader
They make all the decisions
Little involvement with the group
I have a clear goal
Focused on the result, not process
Give five factors, an autocratic leader is affective in
Dangerous situations
Time pressure situations
Inexperienced group
Large group
Mail group
define what a democratic leader is and give four qualities of it
It involves the group in the decision making
People orientated
Focused on the process
Works slower
Like to delegate
Give five factors are Democratic leader is affective in
Small groups
Experience to group
Female groups
Safe situations
Not time precious
Define what a laissez-faire leader is and give three qualities
Leader who has no involvement in decision, making
Delegates all responsibilities
Little interaction
Experienced
What are the five parts of chelladurais model
Situation characteristics. Required behaviour.
Member characteristics Actual behaviour. Group performance
Leader characteristics Preferred behaviour
Define what a group is and give an example
A collection of people that share a similar goal and interact with each other
Eg. A football team trying to win the league
What are the four stages of group development
Forming, storming, norming, performing
What four things happens in the forming stage of the group development
- Members get to know each other
- Member try to make a good first impression
- no clear or common goal
- individual roles are unclear
State four things that happen in the storming stage of group development
- a clear goal becomes established
- team requires a string leader
- conflict occurs
- cliques form
State four things that happen in the norming stage of group development
- conflict is resolved
- roles are clearly established
- leader is respected
- social bonds
- all working together in a common goal
What happens in the performing stage of group development
- clear vision/ goal
- all decisions are related
- little/ no input from leader
- occasional disagreements are quickly resolved
What is strainers model of group effectiveness
AP = PP - FP
Actual performance = potential performance- faulty processes
What are faulty processes and what are the two factors
Faulty processes are the factors that reduce team cohesion
- co-ordination losses
- motivation losses
What are co-ordination losses
Caused by a breakdown in teamwork
- lack of communication
- leader Is ineffective
What is the ringelmann effect
Co-ordinations losers are more likely to occur in bigger teams
Define what motivation losses are (social loafing)
When an individual suffers a loss in motivation = decrease in effort
- task is too difficult
- lack of recognition
- perceived lack of effort by others
- lack of self- confidence
State 3 benefits of goal setting
- improves performance
- improves motivation
- improves confidence
- improve focus
- control anxiety and arousal
What is the SMART principle
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Recorded
Time phased
What are the three types of goal and what are each one used for
Short term - builds up confidence
Medium term - provides motivation
Long term - challenge to aim for
Define what stress is and give an example
Perception of an inability to cope- eg big crowds, penalty shootout
What are 5 causes of stress
Crowds
Pressure
Risk of injury
Importance of result
Frustration
What are the three somatic stress management techniques
Progressive muscular relaxation
Biofeedback
Breathing control
What are the 7 cognitive stress management techniques
Positive thinking
Mental rehearsal
Goal setting
Rational thinking
Negative thought stopping
Imagery
Mindfulness
What are the disadvantages of cognitive techniques
Not all performers have required levels of focus
Might feel stupid
Takes practice
