10 Organic chemistry Flashcards
What are the products of complete combustion of alkanes?
What are the products of incomplete combustion of alkenes?
Complete combustion:
CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
Incomplete combustion:
CH4 + 1.5O2 -> CO + 2H2O
Draw the mechanism off
Methane + Cl2
Cl-Cl -> Cl• + •Cl
Propagation
Cl• + H - CH3 -> Cl - H + •CH3
•CH3 + Cl - Cl -> CH3 - Cl + Cl•
Termination
Cl• + •Cl -> Cl - Cl
Cl• + •Cl -> CH3 - Cl
CH3• + CH3• -> CH3 - CH3
What happens if Hydrogen is added to a alkene?
The double bond is easily broken under high temperature because only the first bond formed between atoms is a sigma bond which is the easiest to break.
Adding HX to alkene X = (Cl, F, Br, I)
The addition of hydrogen halides is one of the easiest electrophilic addition reactions because it uses the simplest electrophile: the proton. Hydrogen halides provide both a electrophile (proton) and a nucleophile (halide).
These halides are (HBr, HCl, HI, HF), these can participate in this reaction and add on in the same manner. Although different halides do have different rates of reaction, due to the H-X bond getting weaker as X gets larger (poor overlap of orbitals)s.
Addition of halogen to alkene
Adding water to alkene
What is polemerization?
Polymerization is the adding of alkenes to make long polymer
molecules. Here ethene makes the plastic polyethene.
Name and describe the making of long polymer molecules.
Polymerization
This is done by breaking the double bond and using it to connect the molecules.
In this example ethene is used to make the plastics polyethene.
What is electrophilic substitution?
Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophiledisplaces a functional group in a compound, which is typically, but not always, a hydrogen atom.
What is a electrophile?
An electrophile is an electron pair acceptor.
How many carbons and hydrogens does methane have?
CH4
How many carbons and hydrogens does ethane have?
C2H6
How many carbons and hydrogens does propane have?
C3H8
How many carbons and hydrogens does butane have?
C4H10
How many carbons and hydrogens does pentane have?
C5H12
How many carbons and hydrogens does hexane have?
C6H14
How many carbons and hydrogens does heptane have?
C7H16
How many carbons and hydrogens does octane have?
C8H18
How many carbons and hydrogens does nonane have?
C9H20
Draw the structure of a simple alkene.
e.g.
(ethene)
Ethene
Give the general formula of an alkene and its suffix.
Suffix:
-ene
General formula for an alkene:
Draw the structure of a simple alkyne.
e.g.
ethyne
Ethyne:
Give the suffix and the general formula of alkynes.
Suffix:
-yne
General formula:
What are aldehydes?
Aldehydes are carbon chains with a oxygen attached at the end of the chain.
With a double bond.
e.g.
What differs Ketones from aldehydes?
In Ketones the oxygen is attached to the middle of the chain.
e.g.
What is the suffix for a aldehyde and keytone?
Aldehyde suffix:
-al
Keytone suffix:
-one
Draw the structure of a simple carboxylic acid.
e.g.
(ethanoic acid)
Ethanoic acid:
What is the suffix for a carbonoic acid?
Carbonoic acid suffix:
-oic acid
What is the diffrence between a carboxylic acid and an ester?
An ester is made by replacing the hydrogen of a carbonoic acid by an alkyl or other organic group.
Draw the structure of a simple ether.
e.g.
(Methoxymethane)
It is used to connect to organic compounds like so:
Draw the structure of a simple amine.
e.g.
(N-ethane-1-amine)
Amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.
e.g.
What is the suffix for amines?
Amine suffix:
-amine
What is the diffrence between an amine and amide?
The main difference between amine and amide is the presence of a carbonyl group in their structure; amines have no carbonyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom whereas amides have a carbonylgroup attached to a nitrogen atom.
What is a nitrile?
A nitrile is an organic chemical in which the carbon and nitrogen atoms have a triple bond i.e. C≡N-.
e.g.
What is this organic compound called?
Butan-2-ol
What is this organic compound called?
Butanal
What is this organic compound called?
Propanone
What is this organic compound called?
2,2-dichloropentane
What is this organic compound called?
Butanoic acid
What is this organic compound called?
Methyl propanoate
What is this organic compound called?
ethoxyethane
What are aliphatic compounds?
They are aliphatic compounds.
(An aliphatic compound is an organic compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings.)
What are the three classifications of alcohols?
Primary alcohols,
Secondary alcohols,
Tertiary alcohols,
What is a primary alcohol?
Primary Alcohols:
A primary alcohol is an alcohol which has the hydroxyl group connected to a primary carbon atom.
What is a secondary alcohol?
Secondary alcohol:
A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it. e.g.
What is a tertiary alcohol?
Tertiary alcohol:
A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it. e.g.
Name all Isomers to do with Organic chemistry.
What are optical Isomers?
Optical Isomers are those which contain a chiral carbon, that is, it contains four different groups. Optical Isomers often have closely similar chemical properties. These are super impossible.
How is a polarimeter used?
The polarimeter is used to measure the angle of rotation caused by passing polarized light through an optically active substance.
What are enantiomers?
Each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other. Optical Isomers.
What is Optical activity?
Optical activity is, when A (optical) Isomer rotates light to the right, the other to the left.
Describe cis(E)-trans(Z) isomerism.
Cis(Z) Isomers are isomers that have the functional group on the same side.
Trans(E) Isomers are isomers that have the functional group on opposite sides.
