1.0 Networking Concepts Miscellaneous

Question 1

Broadcast

Answer 1

when one devices communicates to every other device in the broadcast domain

1:All

Question 2

Multicast

Answer 2

delivery of info to interested systems
opt in to subscription

1:M

Question 3

Unicast

Answer 3

when one device sends info to one other device

1:1

Question 4

STP

Answer 4

Spanning Tree Protocol

Prevents broadcast storms or loops

one root bridge - switch acts as reference point for entire tree. Has lowest MAC

root port - port on non-root bridge closest to root bridge based on cost

designated port - root port on non root bridge ; all ports on root bridge

non designated ports block traffic

4 states, goes through for setup or when new switch added or goes down:
Blocking - block traffic /frames on a port. used at beginning and on redundant links
Listening - Populates the Mac Address table but does not forward frames
Learning - Processes frames, determines role in spanning tree
Forwarding - forwards frames

Question 5

RIP

Answer 5

Routing Information Protocol

distance vector

chooses path by hop count
max of 15 hops
UDP

Question 6

EIGRP

Answer 6

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

advanced distance vector protocol / link state hybrid

uses bandwidth and delay
Cisco proprietary

Question 7

distance vector

Answer 7

dynamic routing protocol type

sends full copy of routing table to directly connected neighbors at regular intervals. slow convergence and hop time as metric (least hops)

Question 8

link state

Answer 8

dynamic routing protocol type

requires all routers to know about the paths that all other routers can reach in the network

chooses best path on variety of factors

Question 9

OSPF

Answer 9

Open Shortest Path First

link state protocol

uses cost (variety of metrics i.e. link speed)

Question 10

BGP

Answer 10

Border Gateway Protocol

distance vector exterior protocol

uses number of autonomous system hops
backbone of the internet
slow convergence

Question 11

traffic shaping

Answer 11

Control bandwidth usage or data rates for specific applications

Question 12

QoS

Answer 12

Quality of Service

the process of controlling traffic flows

Question 13

Diffserv

Answer 13

Differentiated Services

Layer 3

QoS bits enabled in IPv4 header
Bits set external to application
Routers apply QoS

Question 14

CoS

Answer 14

Class of Service

Layer 2
Prioritization performed inside ethernet frame header in an 801.Q trunk
applied in intranet

Question 15

Software-defined networking

Answer 15

Virtualization of networking hardware

Networking devices have two functional planes:

• control plane
• data plane

Directly Programmable - configuration is different than forwarding
no human intervention, automatic

Agile - changes can be made dynamically

Centrally managed

Vendor Neutral

Question 16

EUI64

Answer 16

MAC Address converted to host portion of IPv6 address