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Microbiology Unit 3 > 10 Malaria > Flashcards

10 Malaria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What species is the vector for malaria infections?

A

Anopheles mosquito (female)

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2
Q

What are the five different malaria species we discussed?

A 
Plasmodium vivax
P. falciparum
P. malariae
P. ovale
P. knowlesi

Varied clinical manifestations based on causative species

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3
Q

The reproductive event for malaria species occurs in…

A

Mosquito saliva

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4
Q

The malaria life cycle has a ____ phase and a ______ phase

A

Human phase

Mosquito phase

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5
Q

The human phase of the malaria life cycle begins with…

A

Injection of Plasmodium sporozoites (motile forms) through transmission of mosquito saliva during blood meal

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6
Q

After sporozoites enter the human host, they…

A

Migrate to liver and asexual division known as schizogony cycle begins

Rapid cell division at this point

Life cycle form released from this phase are called MEROZOITES

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7
Q

______ can infect other liver cells or RBCs

A

MEROZOITES (the products of schizogony)

This is called the Erythrocytic cycle

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8
Q

Once in RBC, the MEROZOITE enlarges and undergoes a differentiation into a _______ cell termed a ___________.

A

Uninucleate

Ring Trophozoite

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9
Q

As trophozoites age, they can develop into …

A

Amoeboid trophozoites

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10
Q

The single nucleus trophozoite can also divide to produce a multinucleated form called a _______.

A

Schizont

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11
Q

______________ are multinucleated cells that produce ___________.

A

Erythrocytic schizonts

Erythrocytic merozoites

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12
Q

After infected RBCs rupture (spilling merozoites to invade new cells) _______ begins again or ______ is initiated

A

Schizogony (asexual)

Gametogony (sexual cycle)

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13
Q

Some merozoites in erythrocytes develop into _______ and do not cause erythrocyte to rupture

A

Gametocytes (male or female)

Mosquito feeds and takes in gamers that lead to sexual reproduction within the mosquito

Sporozoites produced in the mosquito travel to salivary glands of the mosquito

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14
Q

The malaria organism consumes…

A

Hemoglobin

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15
Q

Fever and chills of malaria correspond to…

A

Release of pyrogens waste following rupture of RBCs

Pyrogens travel to hypothalamus and causes an increased thermal set point

Episodes of 1-2 hours of severe shivering and high fever follows

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16
Q

__________ release intensifies malarial symptoms

A

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) —> inflammation

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17
Q

What are the SSx of malaria?

A 
Fever
Gastric manifestations (N/V/D)
Headache
Back pain
Increased sweating 
Myalgia
Cough
ANEMIA (result of RBC destruction)
Vasodilation —> hypotension
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18
Q

Untreated malaria cases may progress to …

A

Coma
Renal failure
Respiratory distress
Death

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19
Q

__________ produces resistance to falciparum malaria

A

Sickle cell anemia

Thought is that the parasite has difficulty utilizing the abnormal hemoglobin

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20
Q

___________ is a receptor for P. vivax merozoites that many African Americans and most West African’s lack

A

Duffy antigen (glycoprotein)

Makes them resistant to vivax malaria

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21
Q

In 2010, 1691 cases of malaria were reported in the US. Most were linked to …

A

Travel to Africa

60% were falciparum, 20% vivax

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22
Q

Central and South America and Asia is mostly _____ malaria

A

Vivax

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23
Q

Benign Tertian Malaria is caused by…

A

Plasmodium vivax

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24
Q

Plasmodium vivax tends to infect ________ erythrocytes

A

Young

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25
Q

Fever and chills in vivax malaria are due to

A

Rupture of RBC schizonts

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26
Q

Relapses occur with vivax malaria as a result of…

A

The activation of liver hypnozoites

Can be 3-5 years after initial disease

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27
Q

P. vivax is most prevalent in …

A

The tropics - Latin America and Caribbean

Rare in US

Rare in West Africa

28
Q

Vivax malaria accounts for ____% of world wide malaria

A

43%

29
Q

How is P. vivax identified

A

Giemsa stain

Enlarged infected RBCs with SCHUFFNER’S DOTS

30
Q

What species causes Malignant Tertian Malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum

31
Q

P. falciparum causes __________.

A

High grade parasitemia - large numbers of parasites in blood

RBCs of any age are affected

32
Q

P. falciparum is virulent because …

A

It multiplies rapidly

Fever is very high due to number of parasites

33
Q

High parasite numbers with P. falciparum can lead to …

A

Black water fever

High levels of free hemoglobin in urine
Leads to autoimmune reaction in which the host destroys kidney tissue
Chills, fever, rigor, dark to black urine

34
Q

Falciparum malaria can lead to ____________ obstruction as infected RBCs tend to stick to ________.

A

Capillary obstruction

Capillary linings

35
Q

Occlusion of capillaries with parasitized RBCs —> necrosis hemorrhages, extreme fever, mania, convulsions, and death

A

Cerebral malaria

36
Q

Frequent vomiting in addition to other malaria symptoms

A

Gastric falciparum malaria

37
Q

What is Algid malaria?

A

Skin is cold but internal temp is high (b/c of lack of BP)

38
Q

How do you identify P. falciparum?

A

Erythrocytes with double or multiple ring stages, crescent shaped gametocyte, MAURER’S CLEFTS (not as obvious as Schuffner’s dots)

Young trophozoites and gametocytes (but not schizonts) are observed in periphery

39
Q

Untreated P. falciparum infections are often…

A

Fatal

40
Q

Quartan malaria

A

Plasmodium malariae

41
Q

Plasmodium malariae infects _______ erythrocytes

A

Older

42
Q

How do you identify P. malariae?

A

Basket and band shaped trophozoites

Rosette shaped schizonts

43
Q

Species of plasmodium similar to vivax but common to west Africa

A

Plasmodium ovale

44
Q

Zoonotic plasmodium species found in Southeast Asia

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

May be life-threatening if a heavy parasite burden occurs

45
Q

How is climate change affecting the fight against malaria?

A

Thought to change distribution pattern of malaria in the next 50 years

New areas exposed to plasmodium

No host resistance in these areas

46
Q

Low incidence of vivax malaria in West Africa is due to many _________ persons, but organism is increasingly independent of binding to _______

A

Duffy negative

Duffy antigen

This is a research topic - potential target for new chemotherapy research

47
Q

The main mechanism of resistance to malaria treatments is…

A

Efflux pumps

Leading to multi-drug resistant parasites

Now more expensive to treat and priced out of reach in many countries

48
Q

Causative agent of Nantucket Island Fever

A

Babesia microti

NIF aka Babesiosis

49
Q

What is Babesiosis?

A

Infects RBCs, presents with malaria-like manifestation

Prevalent in New England in warm months

Vector - deer tick

50
Q

Babesiosis has no significant rash but does have…

A

Small pinpoint lesions

51
Q

Babesiosis is more problematic in what population?

A

Immunocompromised or asplenic patients

52
Q

Babesiosis is often a co-infection with…

A

Lymph disease (because same type of vector)

53
Q

How do you identify Babesiosis?

A

Morphology and clinical manifestations similar to P. falciparum (less severe)

Form “CROSS-LIKE” RBCs****

54
Q

What is the treatment for Babesiosis?

A

Clindamycin and quinine

Control vectors with insect repellents

55
Q

What are the three Trypanosomatid diseases?

A

African sleeping sickness: Trypanosoma brucei

Chagas’ disease: Trypanosoma cruzi

Leishmaniasis: Leishmania spp

56
Q

Chaga’s disease is also known as…

A

American trypanosomiasis or American sleeping sickness

57
Q

Chagas is prevalent in…

A

Mexico
Central America
South America

In the US, it’s considered a Neglected Parasitic Infection by the CDC

58
Q

What is the vector for Chagas?

A

Triatomine bugs (“kissing bugs”)

They like to bite you in the face at night

59
Q

Causative agent for Chagas’ disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

Parasitic protozoan

60
Q

What is the life cycle of T. cruzi?

A

Trypomastigotes passed in feces of triatomine bug (primarily at night)

Trypomastigotes enter cells near inoculation site and differentiate in AMASTIGOTES

Amastigotes replicate by binary fission in cells, different into trypomastigmotes and are released into circulation —> rupture host cells

61
Q

What are the two stages of Chagas’ disease?

A

Acute

Chronic

62
Q

Acute chagas ranges from ______ to ______

A

Asymptomatic to mild manifestation

Non-specific SSx

May see a CHAGOMA (bite on face)

63
Q

Most characteristic sign of acute chagas is …

A

Romaña’s sign (about 1/2 of cases)

Swelling of the eyelid near the parasite entry site or where the organism was rubbed into eye

64
Q

Chronic chagas may be asymptomatic for years, even for life , but complications include…

A

Cardiac complications (cardiomyopathy, HF, arrhythmias, sudden death)

Intestinal complications, especially ORGANOMEGALY

Usually have to remove spleen because of intense splenomegaly

Heart complications more common than intestinal complications

65
Q

How is chagas diagnoses?

A

Observation of parasite under microscopy

Blood smear in acute phase will show TRYPOMASTIGOTES

Biopsy in chronic cases will show AMASTIGOTES

There are also serological tests and PCR test

66
Q

How do you treat Chagas?

A

Antiparasitic

Benznidazole - extremely toxic and not FDA approved; only available through CDC and must monitor kidney and liver functions

Microbiology Unit 3 (10 decks)

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