10. Lung Cancer

Question 1

What are some risk factors for lung cancer?

Answer 1

Smoking
Asbestos
Radon
Other occupational carcinogens
Genetic/familial factors

Question 2

Where were the common areas that lung cancer spreads to?

Answer 2

Brain
Draining lymph nodes
Pericardium
Lung
Pleura
Liver
Adrenals
Bone

Question 3

What imaging can help stage lung cancer?

Answer 3

CXR
CT
Pet scan
MRI
USS
Bone scan
ECHO

Question 4

What tissue sampling can be done to help stage lung cancer?

Answer 4

Bronchoscopy
USSS
CT biopsy
Thorocoscopy
Surgical

Question 5

What are the symptoms of primary tumour in lung cancer?

Answer 5

Cough
Dyspnoea
Wheezing
Haemoptysis
Lung infection
Chest/shoulder pain
Weight loss
Lethargy/malaise
No symptoms

Question 6

What are the symptoms with regional metastases in lung cancer?

Answer 6

Bloated face
Hoarseness
Dyspnoea
Dysphagia
Chest pain

Question 7

What are the symptoms of regional metastases in lung cancer?

Answer 7

Bone pain/fractures

CNS symptoms

Question 8

What are the signs of lung cancer?

Answer 8

Cachexia 
Pale conjunctiva
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Horner’s syndrome 
Finger clubbing
Consolidation
Signs of pleural effusion
Muffled heart sounds
No signs

Question 9

What are the main types of lung cancer?

Answer 9

Non small cell - squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma
Small cell (10%)

Question 10

What are the molecular markers of lung cancer?

Answer 10

EGFR, ALK, KRAS, ROS, PD1, PDL1 mutations

Question 11

What are the general treatment options for lung cancer?

Answer 11

Surgery - mostly non-small cell
Radiotherapy - radical or palliative (symptom control)
Combination chemotherapy
Combination therapy - chemo-radiotherapy
Biological (targeted) therapies - based on mutational analysis
Palliative care and other treatment