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Linux+ > 1.0 Hardware and System Configuration > Flashcards

1.0 Hardware and System Configuration Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the EFI

A

EFI stands for Extensible Firmware Interface

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2
Q

Describe UEFI

A

UEFI stands for Universal Extensible Firmware Interfce

Instead of relying on a single boot sector on a hard drive to hold the boot loader program, UEFI specifies a special disk partition, called the EFI System Partition (ESP) to store boot loader programs. This allows for any size of boot loader program, plus the ability to store multiple boot loader programs for multiple operating systems

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3
Q

Where is ESP typically mounted?

A

The ESP is typically mounted in the /boot/efi folder

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4
Q

What is GRUB?

A

GRUB stands for Grand Unified Bootloader (GRUB) Legacy

Originally the default boot loader for all Linux distributions , whether they were running BIOS or UEFI

GRUB Legacy allows you to select multiple kernels and/or operating systems using both a menu interface and an interactive shell. You configure the menu interface to provide options for each kernel or operating system you want to boot with. The interactive shell provides a way for you to customize boot commands on the fly.

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5
Q

What is GRUB2?

A

GRUB2 supports advanced features, such as the ability to load hardware driver modules and using logic statements to dynamically alter the boot menu options, depending on the conditions detected on the system.

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6
Q

What is PXE and Describe it

A

PXE stands for Pre-boot eXecution Environment Standard

It defines how a network workstation can boot and load an operating system from a central network server.

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7
Q

What are the two most common issues that occur during a Linux startup process?

A

Kernel Failures - which is when the Linux Kernel stops running in memory

Drive Failures -

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8
Q

Where is the configuration file for global commands stored?

A

The file path for global commands are stored at

/etc/default/grub

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9
Q

Where do some Red-Hat based Linux distributions store configuration files?

A

/etc/grub2.cfg

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10
Q

Describe the /boot

A

Some Linux distributions create separate partitions on the hard drive

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11
Q

What is the mkinitrd command used for?

A

The mkinitrd command is used to install new hardware on the system that must be visible at boot time

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12
Q

Describe the dracut command

A

The dracut command is used to used to create an initramfs image by copying tools and files from an installed system and combining it with the dracut framework

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13
Q

What is the grub-mkconfig command used for?

A

The grub-mkconfig program reads configuration files stored in the /etc/grub.d folder and assembles the commands into the single grub.cfg configuration file.

You can update the configuration file manually by running the grub-mkconfig command

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14
Q

What is the grub-install command used for?

A

The grub-install command installs the GRUB configuration file in the correct location GRUB Legacy but isn’t used in GRUB2

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15
Q

Where are efi files stored and how do you know which files are efi?

A

efi files are stored in /boot/efi folder and typically stored using the .efi filename extension

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16
Q

What is vmlinuz?

A

vmlinuz is the name of a Linux Kernel that is compressed using the bzImage compression method. We know its compressed because of the z at the end of the file name

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17
Q

What is vmlinux

A

Kernel image files that aren’t compresses are usually called vmlinux

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18
Q

What is a Kernel panic?

A

Kernel panics often are a result of a software change, such as installing a new kernel without the appropriate module or library changes or starting (or stopping) a program at a new runlevel.

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19
Q

What is the lsmod command used for?

A

The lsmod utility displays all the currently loaded modules, the number of processes and other modules using them, and the other module’s names

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20
Q

What is the command used to dynamically load kernels?

A

To dynamically load kernels use the insmod

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21
Q

What is modprobe used for?

A

The modprobe is used to install modules by their module name. It also loads any additional modules that the inserted module needs to operate (dependencies)

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22
Q

What is the modinfo command used for?

A

The modinfo command is used to display detailed module information as well as its dependencies

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23
Q

What is the dmesg command used for?

A

The dmesg command is useful to view kernel messages related to current events

24
Q

Describe the rmmod command

A

The rmmod command is used to remove any kernel modules you are no longer using

25
Q

Describe the depmod command

A

The depmod command is used to scan through the system looking for any hardware that was not automatically detected

26
Q

Where are modules required to support a kernel stored?

A

/usr/lib/modules/[kernelversion]

27
Q

What is this directory /usr/lib/modules

A

CentOS and Fedora distributions have the /lib/modules/ directory hard linked to the /usr/lib/modules/ directory

28
Q

What is the /etc/modprobe.conf used for?

A

Provides a method of specifying what options are to be used with those modules

It can also be used to create
convenient aliases: alternate names fora module. Finally, it can override the normal modprobe behavior altogether, for those with very special requirements (such as inserting more than one module)

29
Q

What is bonding?

A

Bonding allows you to aggregate multiple interfaces into one virtual network device

30
Q

What are the three types of bonding types?

A

1) Load Balancing
2) Aggregation
3) Active / Passive

31
Q

Describe Load Balancing

A

During Load Balancing Network traffic is shared between two or more network interfaces

32
Q

Describe aggregation

A

Aggregation is two or more network interfaces that are combined to create one larger network pipe

33
Q

Describe active/passing

A

One network interface is live while the other is used as a backup for fault tolerance

34
Q

What is a raw device?

A

When you connect a a drive to a linux system, the linux kernel assigns the drive device a file name in the /dev folder. That file is called a raw device, as it provides a path directly to the drive from the Linux system

35
Q

What kind of partition is used for systems that use the old BIOS boot loader method?

A

The Master Boot Record (MBR) is used for system that use the old BIOS boot loader method

36
Q

What is GPT?

A

GUID Partition Table which supports up to 128 partitions

37
Q

What is a relative path?

A

The relative path to a file denotes the location of a file relative to your current location within the virtual directory tree structure

38
Q

What is an absolute path?

A

The absolute path to a file always starts at the root folder (/) and includes every folder along the virtual directory tree to the file

39
Q

Describe the Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

A

The LVM utilizes the /dev/mapper dynamic device folder to allow you to create virtual drive devices. You can aggregate multiple physical drive partitions into virtual volumes, which you then treat as a single partition on your system.

The benefit of LVM is that you can add and remove physical partitions as needed to a logical volume, expanding and shrinking the logical volume as needed.

40
Q

Describe mdadm

A

mdadm utility allows you to specify multiple partitions to be used in any type of RAID environment. The RAID device appears as a single device in the /dev/mapper folder, which you can then partition and format to a specific filesystem

41
Q

What is multipath in the Linux system?

A

Multipath allows you to configure multiple paths between the Linux system and network storage devices. Multipathing aggregates the paths providing for increased throughout while all of the paths are active or for fault tolerance if one of the paths becomes inactive

42
Q

Describe the LVM tools

A

The LVM tools are used to create and manage the logical volumes:

pvcreate creates a physical volume.
vgcreate groups physical volumes into a volume group.
lvcreate creates a logical volume from partitions in each physical volume.

43
Q

Describe the XFS tools

A

xfs_admin displays or changes filesystem parameters such as the label or UUID assigned.

xfs_info displays information about a mounted filesystem, including the block sizes and sector sizes as well as label and UUID information

44
Q

What is OVA?

A

Open Virtualization Appliance (OVA) format. The OVA template bundles all of the OVF files into a single tar archive file for easy distribution

45
Q

What is OVF?

A

The open-source standard for virtual machine configurations is called the Open Virtualization Format (OVF).

46
Q

Describe Thin vs. Thick Provisioning

A

Thick provisioning is a static setting where the virtual disk size is selected and the physical file(s) created on the physical disk is pre-allocated. Thus, if you select 700GB as your virtual disk size, 700GB of space is consumed on the physical drive.

Thin provisioning is grown dynamically, which causes the hypervisor to consume only the amount of disk space actually used for the virtual drive. Thus, if you select 700GB as your virtual disk size, but only 300GB of space is written to the virtual drive, then only 300GB of space is consumed on the physical drive.

47
Q

Describe persistent volumes

A

The term persistent volume is used by many virtualization products, such as OpenStack and Kubernetes. In essence, a virtualized persistent volume is similar to a physical disk in how it operates. Data is kept on the disk until the system or user overwrites it. The data stays on the disk, whether the virtual machine is running or not, and with some virtualization products, it can remain even after the virtual machine using it is destroyed

48
Q

Describe Blobs

A

Blob storage is a Microsoft Azure cloud platform term. Blob storage is large unstructured data, which is offered over the Internet and can be manipulated with .NET code. Typically, a blob consists of images, streaming video and audio, big data, and so on

49
Q

What are Block blobs?

A

Block blobs are blocks of text and binary data. The blobs are not managed as a group but instead are handled independently of one another. Their size limit is 4.7TB

50
Q

What are append blobs?

A

Append blobs are also blocks of text and binary data. However, their storage is enhanced to allow for efficient appending operations. Thus, this blob type is often used for logging data

51
Q

What are page blobs?

A

Page blobs are simply random access files, which can be up to 8TB in size. They are also used as virtual disks for Azure virtual machines

52
Q

What is an overlay network?

A

An overlay network is a network virtualization method that uses encapsulation and communication channel bandwidth tunneling. A network’s communication medium (wired or wireless) is virtually split into different channels. Each channel is assigned to a particular service or device. Packets traveling over the channels are first encapsulated inside another packet for the trip. When the receiving end of the tunneled channel gets the encapsulated packet, the packet is removed from its capsule and handled.

53
Q

What is a bridged network?

A

A bridged NIC makes the virtual machine like a node on the LAN or VLAN to which the host system is attached. The VM gets its own IP address and can be seen on the network

54
Q

What is a NAT?

A

network address translation (NAT) adapter configuration operates in a way that’s similar to how NAT operates in the physical world. NAT in the physical networking realm uses a network device, such as a router, to “hide” a LAN computer system’s IP address when that computer sends traffic out onto another network segment. All the other LAN systems’ IP addresses are translated into a single IP address to other network segments. The router tracks each LAN computer’s external traffic, so when traffic is sent back to that system, it is routed to the appropriate computer

55
Q

Describe Dual Homed

A

In the physical world, a dual-homed system (sometimes called a multi-homed system) is a computer that has one or more active network adapters. Often a physical host is configured with multiple NICs. This configuration provides redundancy. If one physical NIC goes bad, the load is handled by the others. In addition, it provides load balancing of external network traffic

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