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History - The Tudors - Henry VIII > 10 - English Society In The Reign Of Henry VIII > Flashcards

10 - English Society In The Reign Of Henry VIII Flashcards

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1
Q

How did Henry VIII treat the nobles?

A
  • Viewed as treating nobles better, reducing their alienation
  • Still vindictive against some nobles
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2
Q

How many peers (nobles) did Henry make?

A

9

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3
Q

What are some reasons Henry gave peerages?

A
  • Rewarding loyalty
  • Marking a difference from his father
  • Show generosity
  • Ensure control (nobles help control regions)
  • Cement bond of loyalty for war
  • Ensure hospitality on tour of country
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4
Q

Who is Edward Seymour?

A

Example of noble given peerage due to family loyalty

  • King’s brother in law
  • Became Earl of Hertford
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5
Q

Who is Charles Brandon?

A

Example of noble given peerage due to friend loyalty + to ensure control

  • Promoted to Duke of Suffolk due to personal friendship with King
  • Given property in Lincolnshire (after 1536 rebellion)
  • Criticised by some for promoting based on friendship (e.g. by Erasmus)
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6
Q

Who is Thomas Howard?

A

Example of noble given peerage due to rewarding loyalty

  • Restored as Duke of Norfolk after success at Battle of Flodden
  • His family had lost the dukedom + he had been attainted when his father (old duke) was killed fighting for Richard at Bosworth
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7
Q

What is the name of the only Duke that Henry VIII inherited?

A

Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham

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8
Q

What are the names of the only people that Henry made Duke?

A
  • Duke of Norfolk

- Duke of Suffolk

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9
Q

Who is Baron Russell?

A

Example of noble given peerage to ensure control

  • Given land in Devon
  • Replaced the executed Marquess of Exeter (Henry Courtenay) to ensure control was maintained in the region
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10
Q

What is the estimate of the minimum number of people Henry VIII had killed?

A

72,000

Compared to Bloody Mary’s 400

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11
Q

What cautious concepts surrounding the nobles did Henry VIII maintain from his father?

A
  • Nobles could be a threat

- Nobody (including nobles) should be above the power of the monarch + his law

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12
Q

How was peerage lost?

A
  • Natural wastage

- Forcibly removed by execution/attainder

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13
Q

What is a noble?

A

A member of the peerage - the highest social class

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14
Q

Who is Edward Stafford, Duke or Buckingham?

A
  • Only Dukedom Henry inherited
  • Threat: openly hostile to monarch + had great influence over his affinity
  • Executed on vague charges of treason in 1521
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15
Q

Who is Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter?

A
  • Hated by Cromwell for role in Aragonese Faction during Great Matter
  • Executed for treason in 1538
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16
Q

Who is Henry Pole Baron Montague?

A
  • Member of De la Pole family (threat due to Yorkist claim to throne)
  • Executed alongside Henry Courtenay for treason in 1538
17
Q

Who is Margaret Pole Countess of Salisbury?

A
  • Member of De la Pole family (threat due to Yorkist claim to throne)
  • Held in Tower for over 2yrs, then executed in 1541
  • Seen as one of Henry’s most vindictive punishments
18
Q

Who are Lord Darcy + Lord Hussey?

A
  • Nobles who rebelled during the Pilgrimage of Grace

- Executed in 1536

19
Q

Who is Baron Dacre of the South?

A
  • Noble who murdered his neighbour’s servant
  • Tried like a common criminal + hanged
  • Showed nobles weren’t above the law, as they had been during the turbulent War of the Roses
20
Q

List some nobles who benefited from Henry VIII’s kindness?

A
  • Edward Seymour
  • Baron Russell
  • Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey (new Duke of Norfolk)
  • Charles Brandon (new Duke of Suffolk)
21
Q

List some nobles who suffered from Henry’s vindictiveness?

A
  • Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
  • Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter
  • De la Poles (Henry + Margaret)
  • Lord Darcy + Lord Hussey
  • Baron Dacre of the South
22
Q

Who are the gentry?

A

Lower rungs of the elite aristocracy, made up of wealthy people who could live off land income, but aren’t distinguished by title (but many were knights)

23
Q

How many knightly families were there in 1524?

A

Approx 200

24
Q

Are the number of gentry rising or falling?

A

Rising

25
Q

How many gentry were there in 1540?

A

Approx 5000

26
Q

What are 2 unpaid roles that gentry often undertook?

A
  • JPs

- Legal administrators

27
Q

Who are the commoners?

A

Everyone else that wasn’t a member of the elite classes

28
Q

What change was there socially for commoners?

A
  • Little change (still poor, with few possessions)
  • Continuing rise in people entering professional workforce (this gave them a chance to change, as could gain social mobility if their skills were recognised by Henry - e.g. Wolsey)
29
Q

Why were there increasing small regional outbursts in the second half of Henry VIII’s reign?

A

Commoners unhappy economically

  • Inflation
  • Amicable Grant
  • Drop in real wages
30
Q

What was Henry VIII’s main aim, when making changes to the regional jurisdiction/control?

A

Wanted to work towards a more unified state

31
Q

What are some of the regional changes Henry VIII made?

A
  • Laws in Wales Act (1536)
  • Reduction of the independent ‘palatinates’
  • Council in the North
  • Council of Wales and the Marches
  • Splitting Scottish border into 3 marches
32
Q

What was Wales like before 1536 + what did the Laws in Wales Act do to change this?

A
  • Wales had been separate: marcher lordships (border) + Principality of Wales
  • Henry wanted Wales to have more unity with England
    Changes:
  • Divided into shire counties that operated same as English shires
  • Brought into same legal framework as England
  • First ever representation in House of Commons
33
Q

What is a palatinate?

A

A county under its own separate jurisdiction

34
Q

What were the original palatinates in England?

A
  • Lancashire
  • Cheshire
  • Durham
35
Q

How did Henry reduce the independence of the palatinates?

A
  • Lancashire + Cheshire naturally returned to Crown
  • Durham remained independent but independence reduced in ‘Act Resuming Liberties to the Crown’ (1536)
  • This made England more unified
36
Q

What was the Council in the North?

A
  • Acted as a court + administrative centre
  • Extended royal power into the North to keep submission + unity there
  • Revamped after the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) as North threatened country’s unity
  • Seen to be effective (North kept quiet in 1549 summer rebellions)
37
Q

What was the Council of Wales + the Marches?

A
  • Started in reign of Ed IV
  • Strengthened by Henry
  • Maintained law at Anglo-Welsh border, where unity was threatened
38
Q

How did Henry split the Scottish border into 3 marches?

A
  • Anglo-Scottish border was unstable, lawless + threatened unity
  • Split into 3 marches
  • Each under control of a local warden
  • Wardens chosen from gentry (e.g. Lord Wharton - appointed 1542)
  • Gentry thought to be more loyal + less able to exploit role + rise up against King
  • Remained an issue in region, as more loyalty to local magnates

History - The Tudors - Henry VIII (3 decks)

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