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Physics > 10. Electricity and Circuits > Flashcards

10. Electricity and Circuits Flashcards

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1
Q

What three subatomic components make up an atom?

A
  • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
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2
Q

Describe the structure of an atom.

A
  • Neutrons and protons in the nucleus.
  • Electrons orbiting outside the nucleus in electron shells.
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3
Q

What are the charges of each subatomic components in an atom?

A

Proton: +1
Neutron: 0
Electron: -1

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4
Q

In a closed circuit, if there is a potential difference in the circuit there will also be a…

A

Current

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5
Q

How is current defined?

A

The rate of flow of charge (or electrons) around a circuit.

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6
Q

What are the units of charge?

A

Coulombs, C

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7
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for a switch

A

(Search up image)

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8
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for a cell.

A

(Search up image)

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9
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for a battery.

A

(Search up image)

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10
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for a lamp.

A

(Search up image)

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11
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for a fuse.

A

(Search up image)

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12
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for a voltmeter.

A

(Search up image)

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13
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for an ammeter.

A

(Search up image)

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14
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for a diode.

A

(Search up image)

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15
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for a resistor.

A

(Search up image)

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16
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for a thermistor.

A

(Search up image)

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17
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for a variable resistor.

A

(Search up image)

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18
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for a light dependent resistor (LDR).

A

(Search up image)

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19
Q

Draw the circuit symbol for a light emitting diode (LED).

A

(Search up image)

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20
Q

What are the two ways that a component can be connected in a circuit? (Two types of circuit)

A
  • Series (same loop)
  • Parallel (adjacent loop)
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21
Q

What is voltage also known as?

A

Potential difference

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22
Q

How does the potential difference across two components vary when connected in a series circuit?

A

In a series circuit, the total potential difference is shared between each component.

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23
Q

How does the potential difference across two components vary when connected in a parallel circuit?

A

In a parallel circuit the potential difference across each component is the same.

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24
Q

If two resistors are connected in a parallel circuit, what can be said about their combined total resistance?

A

Their total resistance decreases; is less than the smallest of the two individual resistances.

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25
Q

If two resistors are connected in a series circuit, what can be said about their total resistance?

A

Their total combined resistance increases; is equal to the sum of the two individual resistances.

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26
Q

Where must a voltmeter be placed in a circuit?

A

In parallel with the component that is being measured.

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27
Q

A volt can also be described as a…

A

Joule per coulomb

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28
Q

What is an electric current?

A

The rate of flow of charge.

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29
Q

What can be said about the value of current at any point during a single closed loop?

A

Current is the same at all points in a closed loop.

30
Q

What two factors does the current in a circuit depend on?

A
  • Potential difference (V)
  • Resistance (R)
31
Q

What is an ammeter and where must it be connected in a circuit?

A

An ammeter measures current. It is placed in series with the component it is required to measure.

32
Q

What happens when current reaches a junction in a circuit?

A

Current is conserved; the total current remains the same and is split between the two branches.

33
Q

How does resistance affect current in a circuit?

A

As the total resistance of a circuit increases, the current flowing through the circuit decreases.

34
Q

How can the current in a circuit be varied?

A

Using a variable resistor.

35
Q

What is an ‘Ohmic Conductor’? State the condition required.

A
  • A conductor for which current and potential difference are directly proportional.
  • Resistance remains constant as current changes.
  • Temperature must be constant.
36
Q

List four components for which resistance is not constant as current changes.

A
  • Filament lamps
  • Diodes
  • Thermistors
  • Light dependent resistors (LDRS)
37
Q

What happens to the resistance of a filament lamp as the temperature increases? Why?

A
  • Resistance increases.
  • Metal ions have more kinetic energy, so vibrate more, colliding more frequently with electrons as they flow through the metal.
  • This creates more resistance to current flow.
38
Q

What is different about current flow through a diode?

A
  • The current only flows in one direction.
  • Resistance is very high in the other direction, preventing current flow.
39
Q

State what happens to the resistance of a thermistor as temperature increases.

A

The thermistor’s resistance decreases.

40
Q

Give two example of when a thermistor may be used.

A
  • In a thermostat to turn a heater on below a certain temperature.
  • In a freezer to turn on a cooler when the temperature becomes too high.
41
Q

State what happens to the resistance of an LDR as light intensity decreases.

A

The LDR’s resistance increases.

42
Q

Give an application for an LDR

A
  • Street lamps or night lamps.
  • When light levels drop (at night), resistance increases and the light gains sufficient current to turn on.
43
Q

How do diodes work?

A

A diode only allows current to flow in one direction. If current is flowing the right way, the resistance is large for small voltages (up until about 0.6V), but then at higher voltages becomes very small.

44
Q

What factors affect the energy transferred when charge flows through a component?

A
  • Amount of charge.
  • The potential difference across the component.
45
Q

Define potential difference in terms of charge.

A

The work done per unit charge.

46
Q

When an electrical current flows through a resistor, why does it heat up?

A

There are collisions between the electrons and the ions in the resistor’s lattice. This causes a transfer of kinetic energy into thermal energy, which is released into the surroundings.

47
Q

How do low resistance wires reduce unwanted energy transfers?

A

A smaller resistance will mean there are fewer collisions, therefore less energy will be wasted through heating.

48
Q

What are some advantages of the heating effect of an electric current?

A

It is useful for appliances such as toasters or electrical fires, where the heat is the desired product.

49
Q

What are some disadvantages of the heating effect of an electric current?

A
  • The loss of energy as heat energy can make an appliance inefficient.
  • If an appliance overheats it can catch fire or overheat, which could ruin the device or injure the user.
50
Q

The energy transferred per second is also known as…

A

Power

51
Q

Define power

A

The rate of energy transfer, or the rate at which work is done.

52
Q

What is the unit used for power?

A

Watts, W

53
Q

What does AC mean?

A

Alternating current.
- This is the current which is constantly changing between a negative and a positive maximum (changes direction).

54
Q

What does DC mean?

A

Direct current.
- This is the current which takes a constant value (one direction).

55
Q

Is mains electricity an AC supply or a DC supply?

A

Mains electricity is an AC supply.

56
Q

What is meant by the frequency of a supply?

A

This is the rate at which an AC current changes.

57
Q

What is the frequency and voltage of the UK mains electricity supply?

A
  • Frequency: 50 Hz
  • Voltage: 230V
58
Q

What type of current do batteries and cells supply?

A

Direct current.

59
Q

What is the power rating of an appliance?

A

It shows how much energy a device converts per second.

60
Q

What wires does a typical appliance have?

A
  • Live wire
  • Neutral wire
  • Earth wire
61
Q

What colour is the live wire?

A

Brown

62
Q

What colour is the neutral wire?

A

Blue

63
Q

What colour is the earth wire?

A

Green and yellow (striped)

64
Q

Explain when the Earth wire does and doesn’t carry a current.

A
  • Under normal circumstances, no current flows through the Earth wire.
  • Current flows when a fault occurs in the appliance (such as a surge or the casing becoming live).
65
Q

What potential difference is the neutral wire at?

A

0 Volts

66
Q

State the potential difference between the live and earth wires.

A

230 Volts

67
Q

What is the purpose of the neutral wire?

A

To complete the circuit by connecting the appliance back to the mains supply.

68
Q

For metal appliances, where is the Earth wire connected to? Why?

A
  • Earth wire is connected to the metal casing of the appliance.
  • If the live wire touches the casing, the current will flow through the Earth wire, preventing electrocution.
69
Q

How does a fuse stop a device from getting damaged?

A

When the current becomes too high, the fuse wire will melt and break, therefore stopping current from flowing to the appliance and preventing damage.

70
Q

Why is it important to connect a fuse or switch to the live wire?

A

When the switch is turned off, or when the fuse breaks, it will break the circuit and stop current running through the wire. This provides a method to stop current flowing into the appliance.

71
Q

Why is it dangerous to have a connection between the Earth wire and the live wire?

A

It can result in a current surge, causing electrical shocks.

Physics (13 decks)

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