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PSGY1009 Approaches To Therapy > 10) Cognitive Behavioural Approach 3 > Flashcards

10) Cognitive Behavioural Approach 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Who developed cognitive therapy?

A

Aaron Beck

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2
Q

What are some of the basic principles of cognitive therapy?

A
  • information processing is critical for survival
  • how we feel and behave is based on how we perceive and structure our experiences (the cognitions from the informational processing)
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3
Q

What is it meant by information processing is critical for survival?

A
  • we need to understand a situation so we can respond appropriately
  • we have to have some way of perceiving the information and processing it in a way the will make sense to us
  • this is so we can remember it and know how to respond appropriately
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4
Q

What is a schema according to Beck?

A

a cognitive structure or framework that individual uses to make meaning out of their experiences

this is what an individual’s beliefs or ideas that they have about the world are held in

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5
Q

How are schemas formed and developed?

A
  • through fundamental beliefs and assumptions about the self, others and the world around you
  • developed early in life, reinforced through experiences
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6
Q

What factors, according to Beck, contribute towards psychological distress?

A
  • evolutionary
  • biological
  • environmental
  • developmental
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7
Q

How do schemas predispose individuals to distress?

A
  • individuals have schemas unique to them
  • due to schemas, individuals will all have a unique set of cognitive vulnerabilities
  • these cognitive vulnerabilities predispose us to distress
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8
Q

What is a dysfunctional schema?

A

This is a schema made up of unhealthy assumptions and beliefs

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9
Q

What can a dysfunctional schema lead to?

A

systematic bias in information processing

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10
Q

What is a systematic bias?

A
  • the way we take in information
  • the way we interpret information
  • the way we use the information to influence our behaviour
  • this is all reflected in rigid, absolutist thinking
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11
Q

What are systematic bias’ characterised by?

A

logical errors / cognitive distortions

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12
Q

Give examples of cognitive distortions

A
  • dichotomous thinking
  • arbitrary inference
  • magnification/minimization
  • selective abstraction
  • personalization
  • over-generalization
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13
Q

Explain dichotomous thinking

A
  • black and white thinking
  • evaluating experiences as extremes
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14
Q

Explain arbitrary inference

A
  • drawing conclusions without evidence
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15
Q

Explain magnification/minimization

A
  • evaluating events as far more or less important than they are
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16
Q

Explain selective abstraction

A
  • drawing conclusions based on only a selection of evidence
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17
Q

Explain personalization

A
  • evaluating events as related to the self
  • blaming the self
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18
Q

Explain over-generalization

A
  • drawing conclusions from a single event
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19
Q

What are automatic thoughts?

A
  • These are involuntary recurring words or images that occur rapidly at the edge of awareness
  • they are not deep in unconscious but also not in conscious thought so that we can control them
  • they reflect the contents of our schema
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20
Q

How does automatic thoughts lead to a psychological disorder?

A

If automatic thoughts are negative automatic thoughts (NATs)

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21
Q

Identify features of NATs

A
  • plausible
  • unrealistic
  • can become frequent and severe
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22
Q

What model did Beck develop?

A

Beck’s Model of Depression

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23
Q

What did Beck believe people with depression to have according to his model?

A

believed to have systematic bias toward negative information in 3 specific areas in their life

this is known as the cognitive triad

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24
Q

What makes up the cognitive triad?

A
  • the self
  • the world
  • the future
25
Q

Explain the ‘self’ part of the cognitive triad

A
  • person may have negative bias in their self schema
  • negative views towards themself
  • ‘I am worthless’
26
Q

Explain the ‘world’ part of the cognitive triad

A
  • having negative ways of processing information about the world around you
  • seeing the world/environment around you as challenging or difficult
  • ‘No one likes me’, ‘things are too difficult’
27
Q

Explain the ‘future’ part of the cognitive triad

A
  • person with depression likely to have negative thoughts about their future
  • ‘I will never amount to anything’
28
Q

What did Beck believe to happen as depression gets worse?

A
  • depressive schema that is developed in childhood becomes more activated
  • more activated = more NATs
  • more NATs = more cognitive distortions
29
Q

What are the main goals of cognitive therapy?

A
  • to change and correct the faulty information-processing
  • symptom relief
  • remove systematic biases
30
Q

Explain symptom relief

A

reducing or getting rid of the symptoms that brought the individual to therapy

31
Q

Explain removing systematic biases

A

working on removing underlying beliefs that are maintaining symptoms

32
Q

What is client taught to do as part of goals of therapy?

A
  • to treat beliefs and automatic thoughts as testable hypotheses rather than facts
  • to test and question irrational beliefs
  • to become their own therapist
33
Q

What happens in the first few sessions of therapy?

A
  • in-depth session
  • looking at functional analysis of problem
  • looking at cognitive analysis of problem
34
Q

What does a functional analysis of the problem look like?

A
  • looking at what is going on for this person, when the problem is happening
35
Q

What does a cognitive analysis of problem look like?

A
  • looking at what person is thinking when they feel certain way
  • looking at how much control person thinks they have over problem
36
Q

What is a difference between Ellis’ REBT and Beck’s CBT approach?

A
  • Beck stresses the quality of a warm relationship between client and therapist
  • Ellis views therapist as a teacher and does not think a warm, personal relationship is essential
37
Q

What are some features of CBT process?

A
  • drawing up a problem list
  • 5-16 sessions
  • Rogerian therapeutic style (Carl Rogers PCT)
  • more client led
38
Q

What is a problem list?

A

list that look at what client wants to work on in therapy

39
Q

How is a therapist viewed in Beck’s approach?

A
  • Therapist viewed as a teacher
  • Help client understand beliefs
  • Help client test their beliefs
  • Guide client to find thoughts and understand them
40
Q

What is clients role in CBT process?

A
  • client leads therapy
  • dispute and challenge irrational beliefs themselves
41
Q

Identify 3 cognitive interventios

A
  1. Elicit and Identify NATs
  2. Reality-test & Correct NATs
  3. Identify & Alter Beliefs
42
Q

Explain what ‘Elicit and Identify NATs’ as a cognitive intervention involves

A
  • therapist explains to client importance of why identifying NATs is important
  • this encourages engagement
  • part of this involved client self-monitoring their thoughts and feelings
43
Q

Explain what ‘Reality-test & Correct NATs’ as a cognitive intervention involves

A
  • once common NATs identified, they can be tested and changed
  • similar to Ellis’ scientific questioning
  • involves decatastrophizing and decentering the experience
  • thoughts are challenged and sense is being made of them
  • more healthy, adaptive responses are taught
44
Q

Explain what ‘Identify & Alter Beliefs’ as a cognitive intervention involves

A
  • socratic dialogues
    open discussions that involve guiding and assisting clients to determine how accurate and helpful certain thoughts may be
  • hypothesis testing
    testing beliefs
  • decentering and re-fashioning beliefs
45
Q

Identify 4 behavioural interventions

A
  1. rating mastery/pleasure
  2. rehearsing behaviour
  3. hypothesis-testing
  4. assigning graded tasks
46
Q

Explain rating mastery/pleasure

A
  • Therapist asks person to rate their mastery or enjoyment
  • To find out what they think they are good/not so good at doing
  • Therapist then questioned why do you not think you are good at that
47
Q

Explain rehearsing behaviour

A
  • client asked to rehearse the behaviour that they are worried about
  • therapist then steps in and asks what client is thinking
48
Q

Explain hypothesis-testing

A
  • client asked to engage in behaviour
  • this is to see if what client thinks will happen actually does happen
49
Q

Explain assigning graded tasks

A
  • completing increasingly anxiety provoking things
  • learning that the consequences are not as bad as client thinks
  • start with least anxiety provoking thing and client gradually works their way up
  • helps challenge irrational thoughts
50
Q

Give examples of third wave approaches

A

3rd wave approaches complement and extend CBT

  • DBT: Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
  • MBCT: Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy
  • ACT: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
51
Q

What is DBT?

A

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy

  • focus on regulating strong emotions and improving interpersonal relationships
52
Q

What is MBCT?

A

Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy

  • using mindfulness techniques alongside CBT
53
Q

What is ACT?

A

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

  • learning to accept and live with our thoughts and feelings
54
Q

Outline some strengths of CBT

A
  • lots of evidence to support that it works
  • NICE guidelines recommend forms of CBT for depression, GAD, OCD, PTSD
  • evidence comes from randomised control trials
55
Q

What evidence is there to support CBT as a treatment for depression? DeRubeis et al (2005)

A
  • randomised control test of placebo vs antidepressant vs cognitive therapy
  • found that cognitive therapy just as effective as antidepressant
  • more effective than placebo
56
Q

What evidence is there to support CBT as a treatment for Phobia and Anxiety? Kani et al (2015)

A
  • treated ppts for dental phobia
  • average of 5 sessions of CBT
  • 79% of patients had dental treatment without sedation
57
Q

Outline some weaknesses for CBT

A
  • assumes that correcting faulty thinking is what bring about clinical improvement
  • some researchers question whether research findings in CBT generalise to real clinical practise
  • ‘therapist drift’ may lead to decreased effectiveness in CBT
58
Q

What is therapist drift?

A

This is when a therapist may take elements from other approaches to better help the client

PSGY1009 Approaches To Therapy (10 decks)

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