10: Clinically relevant anatomy of the heart Flashcards
A bit off topic, but what are the components of the hilum (root) of the lung?
Pulmonary artery
Main bronchus
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary lymphatics and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
Pulmonary visceral afferents & autonomic motor nerves
What do pulmonary visceral afferents do?
Refer pain signals from the lungs BACK to the central nervous system
Where in the mediastinum is the heart found?
Middle mediastinum
Where, relative to the roots of the lung, are the phrenic nerves found?
Anterior to the roots of the lung
Where, relative to the pericardium, are the phrenic nerves found?
Descending across the lateral borders of the pericardium
The phrenic nerves are commonly confused with the ___ ___.
vagus nerves.
Relative to the roots of the lungs, where are the vagus nerves found?
Posterior to the roots of the lungs
The phrenic nerves are branches of which spinal nerve(s)?
C3, C4 and C5
(Remember - C345 keep the diaphraghm alive.)
Parietal serous pericardium
Parietal visceral pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Arrange in the correct order (superficial to deep).
What is the name of the space between the two layers of serous pericardium?
Pericardial cavity
What is another name for the visceral serous pericardium?
Epicardium
What does the visceral serous pericardium / epicardium secrete? What is its function?
Pericardial fluid
Acts as a lubricant.
What is the name given to the clinical condition in which the pericardial cavity fills with blood?
Haemopericardium
What is the consequence of haemopericardium on heart contraction?
Cardiac contraction is prevented
Haemopericardium can prevent cardiac contraction. What is this condition called?
Cardiac tamponade
What is pericardiocentesis?
Drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity
What is the “bare area” of pericardium?
Area in which there is no overlying pleura, reducing the possibility of accidently causing a pneumothorax during pericardiocentesis
What name is given to the space within the pericardial cavity, found posterosuperiorly?
Transverse pericardial sinus
Describe the position of the transverse pericardial sinus in relation to the ascending aorta, pulmonary trunkandsuperior vena cava.
Posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
Anterior to SVC
How many pulmonary veins emerge from the right and left posterior surfaces of the heart?
2 at each side
Name the three surfaces of the heart.
Anterior (sternocostal) surface
Base (posterior) surface
Inferior (diaphragmatic) surface
Name the two borders of the heart.
Right border
Left (lateral) border
Where is the apex of the heart usually found?
Left side, 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line
What is the clinical name given to cardiac enlargement?
Cardiomegaly
What is cardiomegaly?
Cardiac enlargement
Cardiomegaly often shifts the apex beat in which direction?
Further to the left
Name the veins (blue structures) on the left-hand side of this picture.
Right internal jugular vein
Right subclavian vein
Right brachiocephalic vein
Left brachiocephalic vein
Superior vena cava
Remember the coronary sinus drains into the SVC just before it enters the right atrium
The jugular veins are found in the neck. What are their arterial equivalents?
Carotid arteries
What are the “ear-like” structures found on the right and left atrial surfaces of the heart?
Auricles
Where is the right coronary artery found?
In the coronary groove
(Boundary between right atrium and right atrium, surface marking for the tricuspid valve)
Almost as soon as it comes off the ascending aorta, the left coronary artery bifurcates - what branch is found on the anterior surface of the heart?
Left anterior descending artery (LAD) / anterior interventricular artery
Where on the anterior surface of the heart, is the left anterior descending artery found?
Anterior interventricular groove
Where is the posterior interventricular groove found?
Base of the heart, separating the left and right ventricles
Carries the posterior interventricular artery, a branch of the left coronary artery
What is the coronary sinus?
Short venous conduit
Returns deoxygenated blood from the cardiac veins to the right atrium
What is the azygous vein?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the posterior chest wall to the superior vena cava
What are the first branches to come off the aorta?
Right and left coronary arteries
What are the coronary arteries?
Arterial blood supply to the epicardium and myocardium
Name a branch of the right coronary artery.
Right marginal artery
Which branch of the left coronary artery anastomoses and joins the right and left coronary arteries?
Circumflex artery
A ___ divides the heart into a right and left side.
septum
Name the two components of the septum which splits the heart in two.
Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum
___ ___ allow mixing of arterial and venous blood in the heart.
Septal defects
Mixing arterial and venous blood reduces the oxygen content of systemic arterial blood - what is this condition called?
Hypoxaemia
The right atrium has holes for three vessels - what are these vessels called?
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
During normal embryological development, the ___ ___ should close to form the ___ ___.
foramen ovale , oval fossa
What is the name of the differentiation tissue between the rough, muscular auricle and the smooth atrial wall?
Crista terminalis
The tricuspid and mitral valves have a different design to the pulmonary and aortic valves. What are these two designs called?
Leaflet design (AV valves)
Semilunar valve (pulmonary & aortic valves)
Which muscles pull the tendinous cords resulting in the closure of valves?
Papillary muscles
