10 - Classification and evolution

Question 1

Species

Answer 1

A basic unit of of classification.
All members of a species show variations, but are essentially the same.
Occupy the same niche

Question 2

Domain

Answer 2

Highest taxonomic hierarchy rank.

3 domains : Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryotae

Question 3

Taxonomic hierarchy

Answer 3

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

Question 4

The binomial system

Answer 4

A system that uses the genus name and the species to avoid confusion when naming organisms.
This avoids the confusion because all the scientists in every country will use the same name

Question 5

Describe a prokaryotae

Answer 5

Unicellular
No nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
No visible feeding mechanism, nutrients or absorbed to the cell wall

Question 6

Describe a protoctista

Answer 6

Eukaryotic
Mostly single-celled (algae = multicellular)
Some photosynthesise (AUTOTROPHIC)
Some ingest prey (HETEROTROPIC)

Question 7

Describe a fungi

Answer 7

Eukaryotic 
Single-celled / multicellular
Most have a body of mycelium
Absorption from decaying materials
(SAPROPHYTIC)

Question 8

Describe a plantae

Answer 8

Eukaryotic
Multicellular
A nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
Some photosynthesise (AUTOTROPHIC)

Question 9

Describe animalia

Answer 9

Multicellular
A nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
Move with the aid of cilia, flagella and proteins.

Question 10

The evidence that has led to new classification systems

Answer 10

Originally classification systems were based on observational features
Now through the study of genetics and other biological molecules scientists can now study the evolutionary relationship between organisms and then classify organisms

Question 11

The three

domains of life

Answer 11

The three domains are; Archaea, bacteria and eukarya

Each domain contains a unique form of RNA and different ribosomes

Question 12

Archaea

Answer 12

Have 70s ribosomes

RNA polymerase of different organisms contain between 8 and 10 proteins

Question 13

Bacteria

Answer 13

Have 70s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

Question 14

Eukarya

Answer 14

Have 80s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

Question 15

Phylogeny

Answer 15

Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms.

It reveals which groups of organisms are related to each other and how closely related

Question 16

Advantages of phylogenetic classification

Answer 16

Phylogeny uses a continuous tree whereas classification requires discrete taxonomical groups therefore scientists do not have to put organisms into a specific group that they may not fit

Question 17

Developing the evolution theory -

Before Darwin

Answer 17

IN 1809 - Most people believed in literal sense (the bible)

IN 1831 - Charles Lyell suggested fossils were evidence of animals that lived years ago.

Question 18

Developing the evolution theory -

After Darwin

Answer 18

Darwin carry out some observation on finches in the Galapagos Islands
He noticed that different Islands had different type of finches that the birds were similar in many ways so they are closely related but their beaks and claws with different shapes
These observations Darwin realise that the Finches beats will link to the food availability on the island
The birds whose beak was adapted with survive longer than the bird whose beak was less suited
These birds will have more offspring and therefore all the finches on the island should all have the same characteristics, over time
IN 1858 - Wallace and Darwin had very similar research so they joined together to publish their theories - which was natural selection.
Which was very controversial at the time as the wide Christian believe is that God created man and all else

Question 19

Evidence of Evolution

Answer 19

Paleontology is the study of fossils and fossil records
Comparative Anatomy is the study of similarities and differences between organisms anatomy
Comparative biochemistry is the similarity and differences between the chemistry makeup of organisms

Question 20

Variation

Answer 20

The differences between individuals

Question 21

Continuous variation

Answer 21

Where there are two extremes full of range of values in between

Question 22

Discontinuous variation

Answer 22

With a distinct categories and nothing in between

Question 23

Environmental variation

Answer 23

Variation caused by response to environmental factors

Question 24

Genetic variation

Answer 24

Variation caused by possessing a different combination of alleles/ mutations/ meiosis

Question 25

Intraspecific variation

Answer 25

The variation between members of the same species

Question 26

interspecific variation

Answer 26

The difference between species

Question 27

Adaptation

Answer 27

The characteristic that enhances survival in a habitat

Question 28

Anatomical adaptation

Answer 28

Structural features that have been adapted to help survival

E.g. 
Body coverings
Camouflage
Teeth 
Mimicry

Question 29

Behavioural adaptations

Answer 29

The way that behaviour is modified for survival

E.g.
Courtship
Seasonal Behaviours : Migration/ Hibernation

Question 30

Psychological adaptations

Answer 30

Processes that take place inside an organism

E.g.
Poison production
Antibiotic production
Water holding

Question 31

Convergent evolution

Answer 31

When unrelated species begin to share similar traits. These similar traits evolve because the organisms adapt to similar environmental factors

E.g. Moles:
cylinder body
small eyes 
strong front legs with claws
short tail/fur
nose with tough skin

Question 32

How does natural selection work?

Answer 32

Mutation create alternative versions of a gene. This creates genetic variation between the individuals of a species. When resources are scarce the mutation that is advantageous with show this is selection pressure.
Individuals with an advantageous characteristics for survive and reproduce therefore they will pass on their advantageous characteristics. The next-generation will have a higher proportion of individuals with the successful characteristics.

Question 33

How are humans effected by evolution?

INSECTS

Answer 33

Insects have evolved so that they are resistant to pesticides. This affects humans because because they eat and damage crops.
They can also act as effective as transmitted pathogens.
More insecticides must be used on the crops to then kill the insects which means humans will consume more insecticides on crops that haven’t being effected

Question 34

How are humans effected by evolution?

MICROORGANISMS

Answer 34

When antibiotics are used the kill most of the bacteria
Bacteria survive or become resistant when people stop taking antibiotics these bacteria can reproduce create a batch of bacteria that are resistant to the drugs. Overuse and incorrect use of antibiotics leads to bacteria being resistant to all antibiotics

Question 35

MRSA

Answer 35

Some bacteria have gained a particularly wide range of resistance they are called MRSA.
This bacterium has developed resistance due to an ever-increasing range or stronger drugs. This is an example of an ‘Evolutionary Arms Race’ where medical researchers are struggling to develop new and effective drugs but the bacterial population becoming more resistant.

Question 36

A distribution curve is said to be normal when

Answer 36

The mean mode and median are the same
The distribution has a bell shape and a symmetrical
Most of the values lie closer to the mean

Question 37

Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient

Answer 37

No correlation
Positive correlation
Negative correlation

Question 38

Student’s t-test

Answer 38

A test used to compare two means