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3. TOB > 10. Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

10. Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What do the large amounts of hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix of cartilage assist with?

A

With resilience to repeated application of pressure.

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2
Q

What do large ratios of glycosaminoglycans to type II collagen in cartilage permit?

A

Ready diffusion of substrates between chondrocytes and blood vessels surrounding the cartilage.

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3
Q

How many glycosaminaglycan units make up a proteoglycan monomer?

A

About 100.

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4
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage.

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5
Q

What is the composition of hyaline cartilage matrix?

A

Proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid and type II collagen. The hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregates are bound to the fine collagen matrix fibres.

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6
Q

What is the composition of elastic cartilage matrix?

A

Proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, type II collagen and many elastic fibres and lamellae.

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7
Q

What is the composition of fibrocartilage matrix?

A

Proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, type II collagen and abundant type I collagen fibres.

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8
Q

What cells do hyaline cartilage contain?

A

Chondrocytes only. Either singly or as isogenous groups, small clusters.

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9
Q

What is hyaline cartilage a precursor to in foetal development?

A

Bonds which develop by endochondral ossification.

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10
Q

Where does some hyaline cartilage remain after early foetal development?

A

At articulating surfaces of long bones.

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11
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A

In the nose, articulating surfaces of joints, trachea, bronchi and in the rib cage.

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12
Q

What type of growth does hyaline cartilage have?

A

Appositional growth, growth from the periphery

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13
Q

What’s between the dense connective tissues and growing cartilage in hyaline cartilage?

A

Perichondrium.

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14
Q

When is perichondrium not lining hyaline cartilage?

A

At articulating surfaces and at epiphyseal growth plates.

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15
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A

External ear, external acoustic meatus (ear canal), the epiglottis and the Eustachian tube.

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16
Q

What are the cell types in fibrocartilage?

A

Chondrocytes and fibroblasts.

17
Q

Does fibrocartilage have surrounding perichondrium?

A

No.

18
Q

Where can fibrocartilage be found?

A

In intervertebral discs, articulate discs of the sternoclavicular and temperomandibular joints, the meniscus of the knee joint and in the pubic symphysis.

19
Q

How are chondrocytes arranged in fibrocartilage?

A

In rows or as isogenous groups.

20
Q

What can be seen in a section of compact bone?

A

Osteonal artery in the centre of osteons. Interstitial lamellae between osteons. Haversian canal joined by Volkmann’s canal. Periosteum at one end and endosteum at the other.

21
Q

How are osteocytes arranged in immature and mature bone?

A

Immature: randomly arranged
Mature: arranged in concentric lamellae of osteons.

22
Q

What two things are present in compact bone but not cancellous bone?

A

Haversian canals and Volkmann’s canals.

23
Q

Describe the initial action of osteoclasts in bone modelling.

A

They bore a tunnel through the bond and release H+ ion and lysosomal enzymes.

24
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

65% mineral, 23% collagen, 10% water and 2% non-collagen proteins.

25
Q

What are the four steps of fracture repair?

A

1) haematoma formation - blood clots formed in which granulation tissue arises.
2) fibrocartilaginous callus formation - procallus of granulate tissue is replaced by a fibrocartilaginous callus in which bony trabeculae are developing.
3) bony callus formation - endochondral and intermembraneous ossification give rise to a bony callus of spongy bone.
4) bone remodelling - cancellous bone is replaced by compact bone until remodelling is complete.

26
Q

What is the purpose of bone banks?

A

To supply viable bone for grafting.

27
Q

What is an autograph?

A

When the donor is the recipient.

28
Q

What is a homograft?

A

When the donor is a different human.

29
Q

What is a heterograft?

A

When the donor is of a different species.

30
Q

What is cartilage made up of?

A

Extracellular matrix with chondrocytes.

3. TOB (20 decks)

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