10 Alkanes Flashcards
Classification of Carbon & Hydrogen atoms
1° C - 1 other C atom(s) - 1° H
2° C - 2 other C atom(s) - 2° H
3° C - 3 other C atom(s) - 3° H
4° C - 4 other C atom(s)
4° H does not exist as C can only form 4 bonds
Preparation of Alkanes
Reduction of Alkenes
Reagent(s): H2, Ni
Condition(s): Heat
OR
Reagent(s): Pt (Platinum)/ Pd (Palladium)
Preparation of Alkanes
Reduction of Other Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Alkynes
Reagent(s): Pd (Palladium)
Condition(s): Heat
Benzene
Reagent(s): Ni as catalyst
Condition(s): High temperature & pressure
Reactions of Alkanes
Combustion
Excess O2
Non-sooty flame seen
Reactions of Alkanes
Halogenation
Mechanism: Free Radical Substitution (FRS)
Reagent(s): Cl2/ Br2
Condition(s): Heat/ Ultraviolet Light
Free Radical Substitution
Mechanism
- Initiation
- Homolytic Fission of Halogens - Propagation
- Hydrogen Abstraction
- Halogen Abstraction - Termination
- Radicals form Stable products
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Fraction(s)
1-4 C: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
5-6 C: Light Petroleum
6-7 C: Light Naphtha
5-12 C: Petrol
12-18 C: Kerosene
18-25 C: Gas Oil
20-34 C: Lubrication Oil
25-40 C: Paraffin Wax
> 30 C: Bitumen
Use of LPGs
Fuel for domestic heating or gas cookers
Use of Light Petroleum and Naphtha
Acts as a Solvent
Use(s) of Gasoline
Fuel for internal combustion engines eg. in cars
Use(s) of Kerosene
Fuel for jet engines
Use(s) of Gas Oil
- Used in industrial furnaces where the introduction of it as fine mist helps the oil to burn
- Used in diesel engines where the injection of it helps ignite the air
Use(s) of Lubrication Oil
Lubricants
Use(s) of Paraffin Wax
Used in polished waxes, petroleum jelly
Use(s) of Bitumen
Used in road surfacing & roofing
