10-23: Cell cycle control and cell division Flashcards

1
Q

Cell cycle control

A
  • DNA replication to 2 identical daughter cells
  • 3 major checkpoints
  • many of the genes (proteins) involved in cell cycle regulation are critical determinants of cancer progression
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2
Q

Interphase

A

G1: growth and metabolic
S: replication of DNA
G2: growth and prep

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

P: condensed
M: center
A: segregate
T: decondensed

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4
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cell splits (two identical daughter cells)

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5
Q

Resting Phase

A

G0

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6
Q

G1/S Checkpoint

A

Check for:
Nutrients
Growth factors
DNA damage

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7
Q

G2/M Checkpoint

A

Check for:
cell size
DNA replication

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8
Q

Metaphase to anaphase checkpoint

A

Check for chromosome spindle attachment

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9
Q

Cell cycle checkpoint control system

A
  1. Dependant on cyclically activated cyclin dependant protein kinases (Cdks)
  2. dependant on cyclical proteolytic events
  3. dependant on transcriptional regulation
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10
Q

Cell cycle checkpoint control system

A
  1. Initiates/ends events
  2. proper order and fidelity
  3. Intracellular and extracellular dependant
  4. Arrests the cycle (fails to complete a process or unfavorable conditions)
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11
Q

cyclins and cyclin dependant protein kinases

A
  1. Cdk binds to cyclin
  2. phosphorylation
  3. active cyclin Cdk complex
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12
Q

Cyclin D

A

Cyclin D

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13
Q

Cyclin E

A

G1/S cyclin

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14
Q

Cyclin A

A

S cyclin

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15
Q

Cyclin B

A

M cyclin

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16
Q

The concentrations of cyclins _____________ while Cdk ________________.

A

The concentrations of cyclins CHANGE while Cdk DO NOT CHANGE.

17
Q

Anaphase-promoting complex (cytosome)

A

APC/C: initiates the metaphase to anaphase transition

18
Q

What happens to expose the active site on CDK?

A
  1. Cyclin binds to cdk
  2. Opens up the T loop (Partial active)
  3. T loop is phosphorylated, fully active (fully active)
19
Q

The activity of cyclin-cdk is further regulated by

A

WEE 1 kinase= phos Cdk at different site= INACTIVE
Cdc25 phosphatase= removes the wee phos= ACTIVE

20
Q

Proteolysis

A

protein degradation

21
Q

What family of proteins is the anaphase-promoting complex?

A

ubiquitin ligase

22
Q

Function of APC/C

A

trigger metaphase -> anaphase by tagging specific proteins for degradation

23
Q

What does APC/C catalyze?

A

ubiquitylation and degradation of securin and the S and M cyclins

24
Q

When is APC/C active?

A

Mid mitosis and remains active in G1

25
Q

Control of cell cycle through APC/C

A

Cdc 20 activates APC/C -> ubiquitinizes m-cyclin

26
Q

SCF

A

Skp1, cullins, F-box proteins

27
Q

What family of proteins is SCF?

A

Ubiquitin ligase

28
Q

Function of SCF

A

Ubiquitylates Cdk inhibitor (CKI) proteins in LATE G1 (like p27)

29
Q

Control of proteolysis by SCF

A
  1. SCF binds to F box protein = active
  2. Ubiquitinizes Cdk inhibitor protein
  3. Cdk inhibitor is degraded in proteasome
30
Q
  1. Control by transcription
A

Cyclin gene expression is regulated and specific cyclin genes are turned on

31
Q

G0

A
  • lack of growth factors/nutrients
  • term diff: (heart muscles, nerve cells, bone osteocytes)