10/22- Lab: Endocrine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What structures do you think if someone feels “a lump” in their throat, but only on one side?

A
  • Thyroid
  • Esophagus
  • Trachea (surrounding muscles, lymph nodes)
  • Large cystic structure in skin
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2
Q

What is seen here?

A

Radioactive iodine uptake scan (RAIUS)

  • Single cold nodule
  • This is probably a tumor (could also be an abscess, but those are less common)
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3
Q

What is seen here?

A

Radioactive iodine uptake scan (RIUS)

  • Increased area of absorption
  • Probably suppressing the rest of the thyroid (?)
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4
Q

What is seen here?

  • Benign or malignant?
A
  • The central nuclei look pretty regular, but those on the left are larger, varying sizes, with a high N:C ratio
  • Abnormal nuclei are roughly normally spaced with eosinophilic cytoplasm
  • This is benign
  • Appearance of large atypical cells are common in thyroid (lymphoid?) tumors; can’t really diagnose as malignant unless vascular/other invasion
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5
Q

What is seen here?

A
  • Normal thyroid is dark red/magenta
  • See central mass that is well encapsulated and is pushing thyroid off to the side
  • This confirms the benign diagnosis from the FNA
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6
Q

What is seen here?

A

Normal thyroid

  • Colloid is comprised mostly of secreted T3 and T4
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7
Q

What is seen here?

A

Abnormal thyroid

  • Much more cellular
  • Struggling to form some follicles
  • Can see fibrous encapsulation of tumor
  • Can base malignancy based on capsule invasion(?) but hard to evaluate entire margin in a thyroid specimen
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8
Q

What is this malignancy specifically?

A
  • Benign
  • Gland forming
  • Thyroid origin

Thus thyroid adenoma

  • This is a follicular adenoma

(The chromatin here is a fixation artifact)

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9
Q

What is the difference between a thyroid adenoma and a multi-nodular goiter? (student question)

A
  • MNG is a reaction to a stimulus
  • Lack (or excess) of iodide
  • Hypothalamic stimulus (excess TSH)
  • Etc.
  • Adenoma is a true tumor; loss of cellular regulation
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10
Q

Case 2)

  • Another patient feeling lump in throat
  • FHx of breast cancer with BRCA gene; worried about met
  • Skip FNA and excise the lump

What is seen?

A
  • Central mass is very dark; much vascularization
  • Leading edge is pushing through surrounding thyroid and fat
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11
Q

What is seen here? What kind of mass is this?

  • Structures
  • Cell types
  • Benign vs. malignant
A
  • Circular glandular structures
  • Attempting to form colloid
  • See cells with open chromatin but also some are hyperchromatic
  • This is probably malignant
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12
Q

What is seen here?

A

Mass invading all the way through fibrous capsule

  • Malignant, no matter how well-differentiated it is
  • Invading the capsule is what distinguishes between benign and malignant!!
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13
Q

What is seen here?

A
  • Circular structure; has some very flattened endothelial cells
  • Endothelial cell structure here is filled with tumor (rather than blood or lymphatic fluid)

This is tumor invading lymphatics

  • Multiple lymph nodes on patient’s neck filled with tumor
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14
Q

Case 3)

  • Patient comes in feeling a little hoarse/raspy and has a lump in her throat
  • No smoking history; does not drink alcohol

What could be a reason for hoarseness with mass in the neck?

A

Impaction of recurrent laryngeal nerve

  • This symptom alone is indicative of a malignancy
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15
Q

What is the prognosis for thyroid tumors?

A

Even metastatic anaplastic thyroid tumors have a 90% cure rate; with papillary and follicular 100%

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16
Q

What is seen here?

A
  • Cells are not all same size/shape
  • Cells in bottom right are “coffee-bean nuclei”
  • Very few tumors have this characteristic nuclei appearance
17
Q

What is seen here?

A
  • Can see normal dark red/magenta of thyroid
  • Mass is lumpy, see areas of necrosis and vasculature (confirms malignant diagnosis)
18
Q

What is seen here?

A
  • All of the cells are squashed on top of each other due to rapid growth
  • Fingerlike projection of cells
  • On top right, can see very small capillary (central capillary core with tumor arrange around it = papillary structure)
19
Q

What is seen here?

A
  • Malignant
  • Epithelial origin
  • Papillary
  • Thyroid origin

Thus, this is a papillary thyroid carcinoma

  • Can be poorly-> well differentiated (this one is moderately-to-well differentiated)
20
Q

What are pointed out here?

A

“Orphan Annie” appearance of inclusions

21
Q

Case 4)

  • Young male adult comes in very jittery and nervous with massive headache
  • BP is 220/190
  • Find 4 cm mass over kidney on imaging
  • Resected out

What is seen here?

A

Abnormal adrenal gland

  • Can see whitish yellow rim around mass indicative of some kind of fatty tissue; something in the center has pushed the adrenal cortex to this side
22
Q

What is seen here?

A

Normal adrenal gland

  • Tricorn/pyramidal shape
23
Q

What is seen here?

A

Normal adrenal layers

  • Medulla at bottom
24
Q

What is seen here?

  • Structures
  • Cell type
A
  • Hypercellular
  • Intense vascularity

Form balls of cells (Z—)

Nuclei of “salt and pepper” chromatin distribution

  • Very characteristic of neuroendocrine endocrine tumors
  • Seem to be of adrenal medulla origin
25
Q

What tumors arise in the adrenal medulla?

A

Basically just pheochromocytoma

  • Other types are extraordinarily rare
26
Q

What is the prognosis of pheochromocytoma?

A

Good

  • 10% malignant; to tell, would have to pick up metastasis somewhere else
  • 10% arise outside of adrenal medulla, so hard to tell if those are primary or metastatic
27
Q

What is seen here?

A

Accumulation of neuroendocrine neurosecratory granules (pheochromocytoma)

28
Q

What is seen here?

A

Electron dense granules in lesion of adrenal = pheochromocytoma

  • Crystallized versions of E/NE
29
Q

What is seen here?

A

Malignant variant of pheochromocytoma