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mass com in pak > 10-18 > Flashcards

10-18 Flashcards

1
Q

Major International Events (1979)
What two major international events in 1979 significantly impacted Pakistan?

A

he Afghan Crisis and the Iranian Revolution.

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2
Q

Why did Pakistan become a center of attention for superpowers in 1979?

A

Its geographical location during the Afghan Crisis made it strategically important.

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3
Q

Zia-ul-Haq’s Policy on Islamization
What was General Zia-ul-Haq’s domestic focus during his regime?

A

Zia tried to Islamize the country, aligning with religious-based political parties.

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4
Q

Why was it difficult for mass media to work freely during Zia’s rule?

A

Media thrives in democracies where freedom of expression exists; Zia’s regime restricted such freedoms.

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5
Q

How did Pakistani mass media portray the Afghan Jihad?

A

Newspapers supported the Mujahideen and avoided highlighting the negative aspects of Afghan policy.

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6
Q

What were Zia-ul-Haq’s three key demands from the Americans regarding the Afghan Jihad?

A

a) Supply Russian-origin arms, not American.
b) No direct contact between the USA and Mujahideen; aid handled via Pakistan.
c) Arms supply limited to two planes at a time, confirmed by Pakistan.

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7
Q

What were the long-term domestic effects of the Afghan war?

A

Rise in sectarian violence, religious extremism, and militant group expertise in modern ammunition.

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8
Q

How did newspapers handle sectarian violence during the Afghan war?

A

They regularly reported it but did not discourage or create social pressure to curb it.

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9
Q

How did Pakistani mass media fail in terms of Social Responsibility Theory under Zia?

A

Newspapers avoided sensitive religious issues and failed to educate or organize against extremism.

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10
Q

Caretaker Government and Press Freedoms (1988)
Q: What major ordinance replaced the PPO after Zia’s death in 1988?

A

The RPPO (Registration of Press & Publication Ordinance).

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11
Q

Boost in Journalism (1988)
Q: What effect did the removal of PPO have on journalism?

A

It led to a sudden boom in newspaper publications and journalism.

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12
Q

Yellow Journalism Trend
Q: What criticism emerged with the rise of evening newspapers?

A

Critics claimed they promoted fiction and yellow journalism.

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13
Q

. Nawaz Sharif vs. Jang Group (1998)
Q: What conflict occurred between Nawaz Sharif and Jang Group in 1998?

A

Nawaz Sharif demanded dismissal of 23 journalists; Jang Group refused, sparking protests for press freedom.

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14
Q

Media’s Coverage of Pakistan’s Nuclear Tests (1998)
Q: How did newspapers cover Pakistan’s nuclear tests in response to India in 1998?

A

Newspapers strongly supported the government, presenting Pakistan as a rising power.

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15
Q

Caretaker Government and Satellite Influence
Q: How did satellite technology impact media freedom after 1988?

A

It made hiding facts from the public impossible, leading to gradual press freedom.

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16
Q

Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report (2005)
Q: Why was the Dhaka Fall report published in 2005?

A

It was leaked on an Indian website, forcing Pakistan to make it public.

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17
Q

9/11 Impact on Pakistan
Q: How did 9/11 affect Pakistan and its media coverage?

A

Pakistan supported the US military operation, but newspapers reflected public dissatisfaction with Musharraf’s stance.

18
Q

Terrorism and Extremism Coverage
Q: What stance did English vs. Urdu newspapers take on religious extremism?

A

nglish newspapers condemned extremism; Urdu newspapers often ignored or sympathized with extremists.

19
Q

Difference in Coverage: Urdu vs. English Newspapers
Q: How did English and Urdu newspapers differ on child labor and women’s rights?

A

English newspapers condemned child labor and highlighted women’s rights; Urdu newspapers largely ignored these issues.

20
Q

Nuclear Tests Coverage: Urdu vs. English Media
Q: What were the differences in English and Urdu newspapers’ coverage of Pakistan’s nuclear tests?

A

Urdu newspapers fully supported nuclearization, while English papers warned about its harmful impacts.

21
Q

Role of Media in Musharraf’s Anti-Extremism Policy
Q: Why did Musharraf’s policy to uproot extremism fail?

A

Urdu newspapers did not support it, preventing mass awareness of extremism’s negative impacts.

22
Q

Social and Political Influence of Urdu Newspapers
Q: What was a major shortcoming of Urdu newspapers in shaping public opinion?

A

They focused heavily on political statements (70% of news) and ignored critical social issues like extremism.

23
Q

The Role of Media Post-9/11 in Reporting Wars
Q: How did Pakistani media change during the Iraq war?

A

For the first time, private TV channels sent reporters to borders for real-time updates, presenting Pakistan’s perspective.

24
Q

Media-Government Relationship
Q: What is the fundamental conflict between media and governments?

A

Media acts as a watchdog, highlighting government flaws, which often puts them at odds with the ruling power.

25
Q

THE PRESENT SITUATION OF PRINT MEDIA IN PAKISTAN

A

Urdu vs. English Content:
Urdu and English newspapers differ in how they present topics like religious extremism.

Sensitivity Toward Islamic Identity:
Pakistani media has historically been sensitive to Islamic issues, dating back to the Khilafat Movement.

Concept of Ummah vs. Nationalism:
Many Muslim countries prioritize Ummah (collective Islamic identity) over nationalism, leading to a lack of focus on their own media identity.

Freedom of Media:
Pakistan and Turkey have relatively free media compared to other Muslim countries. In contrast, restrictive environments in other Muslim nations prevent self-analysis, leaving Western media to fill the gap.

Western Media Influence:
Western media dominates global discourse, often manipulating narratives through psychological warfare and maintaining a monopoly on information.

Media Ethics:
The use of tools like radio, TV, and newspapers for propaganda should be discouraged. Democratic societies thrive on diverse opinions, not biased narratives.

Outdated Practices:
Pakistani media continues to use outdated rhetoric reminiscent of the Pakistan Movement. Modern journalism should evolve toward neutrality and reflect a democratic outlook.

26
Q

Define a magazine.

A

A magazine is a periodical publication that contains a variety of articles on various subjects.

27
Q

What is a periodical?

A

A periodical is a publication issued regularly, such as a magazine or a review.

28
Q

What is a journal?

A

A journal is a professional periodical often focused on specialized fields.

29
Q

When and where was the term “Magazine” first used?

A

The term “Magazine” was first used in 1731 in the title of “Gentleman’s Magazine,” founded in London.

30
Q

What was the first essay-type periodical and the first magazine published in the USA?

A

Tattler was the first essay-type periodical.
Andrew Branford’s American Magazine was the first magazine published in the USA.

31
Q

Describe the role of literary magazines in Pakistan after independence.

A

Literary magazines focused on poetry, essays, short stories, critical reviews, and interviews. Famous examples like Sawera, Naqsh, and Naya Daur vanished after the 1960s due to competition from radio, TV, and digest magazines.

32
Q

What are religious magazines, and why have they declined?

A

Religious magazines preach religions through articles, interviews, and comparative analysis. They declined due to the rise of electronic media, particularly private religious channels.

33
Q

What do film magazines provide, and why are they less popular now?

A

Film magazines provide updates on movies, actors’ interviews, and entertainment news. They declined due to:

The downfall of the Pakistani film industry.
Extensive film coverage by newspapers.

34
Q

What are in-house journals?

A

In-house journals are publications by organizations for their clients and employees to inform them about services, policies, and updates.

35
Q

What is a news agency?

A

A news agency collects and distributes news to subscribers like newspapers, radio, and TV stations. It does not publish news itself.

36
Q

Name the first news agency in the world and where it was formed.

A

he first news agency was formed in the 1820s in New York City, named Association of Morning Newspapers.

37
Q

Name the four major international news agencies.

A

Reuters
Associated Press (AP)
United Press International (UPI)
Agence France-Presse (AFP)

38
Q

What was the first news agency in Pakistan?

A

The Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) was the first news agency, formed after independence.

39
Q

How did APP come under government control?

A

In 1960, General Ayub Khan’s government took control of APP, making it a state-owned news agency.

40
Q

What is Pakistan Press International (PPI)?

A

PPI started as Pakistan Press Association in 1956. It became private and later expanded internationally.

41
Q

What is the difference between a newspaper and a news agency?

A

A newspaper has its own policy and management.
A news agency must remain unbiased and objective to satisfy diverse subscribers.

42
Q

Name the first international news agencies in Europe.

A

Agence Havas (Paris, 1835)
Reuters (London, 1851)
Wolff Agency (Berlin, 1849)

mass com in pak (2 decks)

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