Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMB W10 > 10-14 L1-2 CNS infections > Flashcards

10-14 L1-2 CNS infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are some cardial mainfestations suggesting CNS infection?

A
  • Fever
  • HEadache
  • Aleration of mental status
  • Focal neurological signs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Discribe the difference between

Acute vs Chronic infections

A
  • Acute: rapid or sudden (a couple of hours)
    • clinical presentation maybe be quite dramatic or fulminate
  • Chronic: slower (several days or months)
    • clinical presentation may not be as dramatic or fulminate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Encephalitis

vs

Meningitis

A
  • Encephalitis: inflammation of the brain (‘brain fever’)
  • **Meningitis: **inflammation of any or all o fhte meninges of the brain & spinal cord, usually caused by a bacterial infection.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Postinfectious syndromes

A
  • Usually begins as another infeciton (many times sub-clinical or not soncidered to be noteworthy)
  • Infection maybe in CNS
  • Presumed to be immunologically-mediated
    • GBS (guillain barre syndrome)
    • Post-infection encephalomyelities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prions

A
  • Unconventional infection
  • chronic (years to decades)
  • usually no fevers
  • high mortality
    • Kuru, CJD, PML, nvCJD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What CSF values are different in adults than infants (or premature infants)

A
  • Neutrophils
    • adults: 0
    • infants: 60
  • Proteins
    • adults: 30
    • infants: 90
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the CNS infection entity that causes the most sensation?

What is at risk for involvement with the disease mentioned above?

A
  • Meningitis (especially acute, bacterial meningitis)
  • When meninges inflamed, anything passing thorugh them is at risk for involvement
    • blood vessels feeding the cerebral cortex
    • Nerves exiting the brain (cranial nerves, especially those at the base of the brainstem)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Meningitis epidemiology

  • <1 month old
  • Toddler
  • Teenagers
  • >19 yrs old
A
  • <1 month old: Group B strep
  • Toddler: Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Teenagers: meningitis
  • >19: streptococcus pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The vaccination that dramatically changed the survival rate of 1-23 month old, b/t 1986 adn 1995 was against what virus?

A

Hib

(haemophilus influenzae b)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

  • morphology
  • blood culture
  • aviasion of immune system
  • transmission
A
  • morphology: G+, diplococcus (typically found in lancet-shaped pairs)
  • blood culture: Alpha-hemolytic
  • **aviasion of immune system: **
    • polysaccharide capsule (avoid phagocytosis)
    • Pneumolysin (cytoctoxic for phagocytic cells)
    • IgA protease
  • transmission: spread by airborn droplet and direct contact with secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

Group B Streptococcus

  • morphology
  • blood culture
  • aviasion of immune system
  • transmission
A
  • morphology: FAcultative G+ coccus
  • blood culture: Beta-hemolytic
  • aviasion of immune system:
    • adherence to vaginal and intestinal epithelium, placental membranes, BBB
    • Pili
    • Polysaccharide encapsulated (not major): inhibits complement deposition
  • transmission: puerperal sepsis in newbrons (spread by direct contact)
    • Preventable process: vaccinate the mom!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Haemophilus influenzae (Hib)

  • morphology
  • aviasion of immune system
  • specious found in:
  • transmission
A
  • morphology: Facultative, G- coccobacillary organism, noo-motile (encapsulated(sm polysaccharide capsule)
  • aviasion of immune system: pili, epithelial adherence, IgA protease
  • specious found in: exlusively humans
  • transmission: sread via airbone droplets and direct conteat with csecretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neisseria Meningititdis

  • morphology
  • aviasion of immune system
  • Seortype production
A
  • morphology: G-, diplococcus, polysaccharide capsule, fastidious growth
  • aviasion of immune system: Pili, IgA protease, terminal complement deficiences pre-dispose
  • serotype production: A, B, C, W-135, and Y
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Escherichia coli

  • Morphology:
  • aviason from immune system
  • member of what
A
  • Morphology: G-, Facultative bacillus, rapidly growing and ferment lgucose
  • Aviason from immune system: Pili, LPS, Exotoxins
  • Member of the Enterobacteriaceae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

  • Morphology
  • Hemolysis
  • Aviasion from immune system
  • Transmission
A
  • Morphology: Facultative anerobic, G+, non-spore-forming bacillus, Motile with tumbling motilitys
  • Hemolysis: Beta-hemolytic
  • Aviasion from immune system: intracellular invasion, use listerolysin O to escape the phagosome and the cellular movement using acting polymerization
  • Transmision: cold enrichment, via food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • Morphology
  • Cell composition
A
  • Morphology: acid fast bacillus (tubercle bacillus) Slow growing
  • Meningitis is a form of extrapulmonary TB, typically chronic, may or may not occur in face of immunocompromise
  • Cell composition: cell wall characteristics with mycoloic acids and lipoarabinomannas (LAMs)
17
Q

What are common antitubercular treatment?

A
  • INH (Isonizaid) and PZA (pyrizinamide) reach CSF concentraitons equal to blood concentrations
  • Rifampin penetrates BBB also to a lesser degree (in also increases cYP450)
18
Q

INH (isoniazid)

MOA

A

inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis (cell wall)

19
Q

Riampin

MOA

A

DNA dependent RNA polymerase

20
Q

PZA (pyrizinamide)

MOA

A

Mechanism of action is unknown

21
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

  • Morphology
  • Aviasion of immune system
  • Transmission
  • Population most effected
A
  • Morphology: not dimorphic fungus (always in yeast phase),
    • polysaccharide capsule (antiphagocytic): Glucoronoxy lomannan (aslo immunomodulateory suppressive)
  • Aviasion of immune system: Intracellular phagocyte survival (melanin)
  • Transmission: aerosolized/inhaled fungi from environmental source (breating it in)
  • Population most effected: Immunocompromised (AIDS!)
22
Q

How do you treat pt with fungal infection?

A
  • Antifungal therapies amide at fungal cell membrane componenets (erostersols) not found in mammalian cells
  • Azole antifungals target sterol synthesis
  • Amphtericin B binds to ergosterol and likely through steric hindrance causes membrane permeability to increase.
  • Fluocytosin: cnoncompetitive inhibitor of thymidilate sythetase
23
Q

How do you treate an AIDS pt vs a non-AIDS pt?

A
  • AIDS: induction w/a_mphotericin B+/- fluocytosine for 4 weeks,_
    • followed by a consolidation phase of fluconazole (which may be life-long depending upon underlying immune compromise)
  • Non-AIDS cases: Amphotericin B+ flyocytosine for 2 weeks
24
Q

Whats the most commonc cause of aseptic meningitis ‘virus meningitis’?

  • Transmission
  • Treament
A

Enteroviruses

  • sm ss + sense RNA viruses (picornaviruses) in a naked icosahenral capsid
  • spread by the fecal oral route and have a summer-Fall seasonality in temperate climates
  • Include polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, parechoviruses, and others simply designated enteroviruses
  • Treatment: supportive care
25
Q

How is lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus transmited

what disease does it cause?

A
  • Arenea virus family
    • singlestranded RNA
    • Predilection for rodents
      • parasites of rodents with high species specificity Mus domesticus and Mus musculus
  • Worldwide
    • human infection only demonstrated in Europe and Americas
    • Autumn occurrenece (due to rodent seasonlaiyt)
    • Aseptic meningitis.
26
Q

What virus causes the highest morbidity and mortality?

Is this virus treatable? (MOA)

A

Herpes simplex

yes, high dose IV acyclovir

MOA: activated by viral thymidine kinase to become a competitve inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase by blocking deoxyguanosine uptake.

27
Q

What is the most common US mosquito borne encephalitidies?

Treatment?

A

West nile and St. Louis are the most common

treatment: supportive care

28
Q

How is rabies spread?

A
  • Rhabdovirus
    • NEg sense, single stranded RNA virus
  • Rod or bullet shaped
    • helical nucleocapsid
    • liporotein envelope
  • Affects all mammals
  • Retrograde axonal spread
  • spread via bites and infected oral secretions and organ transplant
29
Q

What is the cause of Meningo-encephalitis?

A

Listeriosis

30
Q

How are Toxoplasmosis acquired?

How is it diagnosed?

A
  • consumption of raw meat (beef, pork, lamb)
  • Diagnosis
    • serologic testing IgG and IgM (though IgM less reliabel methodology)
    • Direct tissue bipsy (for definitive diagnosis)
    • PCR
31
Q

How do you treat toxoplasmosis: Chorioretinitis & encephalitis?

A
  • Chorioretinitis (3-4 weeks)
    • Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, leukovorine and corticosteroids
  • Encephalitis (4-6 weeks)
    • Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, leukovorine and corticosteroids (steroids are controversial)

BMB W10 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions