10-12 Flashcards
an/o
Anus
Abdomin/o
Abdomen
Append/o
Appendic/o
Appendix
Bil/i
Bile
Cec/o
Blind intestine, cecum
Chol/e
Bile, gall
Choledoch/o
Common bile duct
Col/o, colon/o
Colon
Cyst/o
Bladder, sac
Dent/o
Teeth
Duoden/o
Twelve, duodenum
Enter/o
Small intestine
Esophag/e, esophag/o
Gullet, esophagus
Gastr/o
Stomach
Gingiv/o
Gums
Gloss/o
Tongue
Hepat/o
Liver
ile/o
To roll, ileum
jejun/o
Empty, jejunum
Lingu/o
Tongue
Or/o
Mouth
Pancreat/o
Sweetbread, pancreas
Peps/o, pept/o
Digestion
Peritone/o
To stretch over, peritoneum
Proct/o
Rectum or anus
Pylor/o
Pylorus
Rect/o
Rectum
Sial/o
Saliva
Sigm/o
The letter s, sigmoid colon
Stomat/o
Mouth
What system converts food into a form the body can use for energy growth and repair
Digestive system
To divide, dissolve, or set in order
Digestive
GI
Gastrointestinal tract
Absorption of nutrients which occur across the wall of the small intestine
Regulation of sugar levels in the blood which is achieved by endocrine cells of the pancreas and liver cells
Conservation of water which occurs as water is absorbed across the walls of the small and large intestine
Other important functions of the digestive system
Organs of the digestive system
Pharynx, esophagus, liver,gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine
G.I. tract normally contains enormous numbers of bacteria. Known as….most of these organisms are beneficial when the populations are contained in the tract.
However if it’s allowed to spread to other body areas severe infections can result
Digestive flora
In addition to the G.I. tract organs are also susceptible to inherited defects and the development of tumors
Infections
Disease of the mouth is treated by
A head and neck specialist
Stomach or intestinal disease is treated by
Gastroenterologist
A disease of the rectum is treated
Proctologist
A disease of the liver is treated by
Hepatobiliary
Cancer is treated by
Oncologist
The area with an hospital to treat digestive disorders is often called
Internal medicine
A-
Without, absence of
Dia-
Through
dys-
Bad, abnormal, painful, difficult
re-
Back
Bil/i
Bile
Flux/o
Flow
Gastr/o
Stomach
Halit/o
Breath
Hemat/o
Blood
Hepat/o
Liver
Peps/o, pept/o
Digestion
Phag/o
Eat, swallow
Steat/o
Fat
- algia
- dynia
Condition of pain
-emesis
Vomiting
-emia
Condition of blood
- ia
- osis
Condition of
-megaly
Abnormally large
-rrhea
Discharge
The inability to swallow
Literal meaning without eating or swallowing
Aphagia
Which is an accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity that produces an enlarged abdomen. It’s a sign of liver disease, congestive heart failure, or irritation to the peritoneum
Ascites
Infrequent or incomplete bowel movements are characteristics of
Means to press together
Constipation
The opposite of constipation in which frequent discharge of watery fecal matter occurs
Diarrhea
Condition of difficult digestion
Dyspepsia
Difficulty in swallowing
Dysphagia
Is used to describe the presence of gas or air in the G.I. tract which is simply called
Flatus
The symptom of stomach pain is known as
Gastrodynia
Bad breath
Halitosis
Vomiting blood is a sign of a severe digestive disorder such as a bleeding peptic ulcer or stomach cancer the
literal meaning is vomiting blood
Hematemesis
A sign of liver disease is abnormal enlargement of the liver
literal meaning abnormally large liver
Hepatomegaly
Yellowish orange coloration of the skin, sclera of the eyes and deeper tissue is a collective sign of liver disease called
This results from the accumulation of bile pigments in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver
Jaundice
The symptom of dizziness that includes an urge to vomit is called
Nausea
A backward flow of material in the G.I. tract or regurgitation is called
Literal meaning is back flow
Reflux
Abnormal levels of fat in the feces is a sign of digestive malfunction it is called
Literal meaning discharge of fat
Steatorrhea
an-
Without, absence of
Mal-
Bad
Aden/o
Gland
Appendic/o
Appendix
Cheil/o
Lip
Chol/e
Bile, gall
Cholecyst/o
Gallbladder
Choledoch/o
Common bile duct
Cirrh/o
Orange
Col/o
Colon
Diverticul/o
Diverticulum
Duoden/o
Twelve, duodenum
Enter/o
Small intestine
Esophag/e, esophag/o
Gullet, esophagus
Gastr/o
Stomach
Gingiv/o
Gums
Gloss/o
Tongue
Hem/o
Blood
Hepat/o
Liver
Lip/o
Fat
Lith/o
Stone
Orex/o
Appetite
Pancreat/o
Sweetbread, pancreas
Parot/o
Parotid gland
Pept/o
Digestion
Peritone/o
To stretch over, peritoneum
Polyp/o
Small growth
Proct/o
Rectum or anus
Rect/o
Rectum
Sial/o
Saliva
Volv/o
To roll
- al
- ic
Pertaining to
-ectasis
Expansion, dilation
- ia
- iasis
- osis
Condition of
-itis
Inflammation
-malacia
Softening
-oid
Resembling
-Oma
Tumor
-pathy
Disease
-penia
Abnormal reduction in number, deficiency
-ptosis
Drooping
-sis
State of
-y
Process of
An emotional eating disorder in which the patient avoids food due to a compulsion to become thin in appearance is known as
Literal meaning nervous condition of absence of appetite
Anorexia nervosa
Inflammation of the appendix
Appendicitis
A common eating disorder involving gorging with food followed by induced vomiting or laxative abuse is known as
Also commonly known as binging and purging
Bulimia
Inflammation of the lip
Cheilitis
Bladder of gall, inflammation of the gallbladder is therefore called
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the common bile duct is called
Choledochitis
Generalized condition of stones lodged within the gallbladder or bile duct is called
Cholelithiasis
A chronic progressive liver disease characterized by the gradual loss of liver cells and their replacement by fat and other forms of connective tissue is known as
Cirrhosis
Inflammation of the segment of the large intestine known as the colon is called
Colitis
Cancer of the colon often includes cancer of the rectum forming the life-threatening disease known as
Colorectal cancer
A chronic inflammation of any part of the G.I. tract most commonly the ilium of the small intestine that involves ulcerations, scar tissue formation, and thickening adhesions of the organ wall is called
Crohn’s disease
Some individuals small pouches called diverticula form on the wall of the colon. The presence of diverticula is often without symptoms or with mild bowel discomfort is called
Diverticulosis
If the pouches become inflamed it produces a more painful condition known as
This increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer
Diverticulitis
An ulcer or erosion in the wall of the duodenum of the small intestine is called
Duodenal ulcer
An acute inflammation of the G.I. tract that is caused by bacteria, protozoa, or chemical irritants is called
Literal meaning difficult intestine
Dysentery
Inflammation of the small or large intestine is called
Enteritis
Inflammation of the esophagus is called
It is often caused by acid reflux from the stomach which burns the esophageal lining to produce the inflammation
Esophagitis
Chronic esophagitis may lead to either a morbid softening of the esophageal wall called
Esophagomalacia
Ingestion of food contaminated with harmful bacteria can cause symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting even in otherwise healthy people but the very young and elderly and immunosuppressed. It can become life-threatening
Food poisoning
Food borne illnesses
Abnormal Stretching or dilation of the stomach is
May be caused by over eating, obstruction of the pyloric opening or hiatal hernia
Gastrectasis
abnormal enlargement of the stomach is a related condition called
Gastromegaly
Commonly known as stomach cancer this is an aggressive metastatic cancer arising from cells lining the stomach
Gastric cancer
An ulcer or erosion in the wall of the stomach is commonly called a
Gastric ulcer
Inflammation of the stomach
The acute form of this usually caused by improper diet or an infection and the chronic form of this maybe caused by chronic bacterial infection, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer
Gastritis
If the small intestine is involved in the inflammation it is called
Gastroenteritis
If the first segment of the small intestine, the duodenum, is specifically involved it is called
Gastroduodenitis
Inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and colon all at once is called
Gastroenterocolitis
A reoccurring backflow, or reflux, of stomach contents into the esophagus is a condition called
Gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD
The softening of the stomach wall may occur during advanced stages of stomach cancer and other chronic diseases of the stomach
Gastromalacia
The disease is usually contracted by drinking contaminated water and is known as
Giardiasis
Inflammation of the gums ir gingivae is called
Gingivitis
Any disease of the tongue is called a glossopathy
An example of glossopathy is… which is an inflammation of the tongue often caused by exposure to allergens, toxic substance or extreme heat or cold
Glossitis
A varicose, or swollen, condition of the veins in the anus produces painful swelling that may break open and bleed is known as
Literal meaning resembling leakage of blood
Hemorrhoids
A viral induced inflammation of the liver is called
Viral Hepatitis
A tumor arising from cells within the liver is called
This disease is also called hepatocellular carcinoma or HCC
Malignant Hepatoma
Protrusion of the cardiac portion of the stomach through the hiatus of the diaphragm to enter the thoracic cavity is called
Hiatal hernia
A protrusion of a small intestinal segment through the abdominal wall in the inguinal region
Inguinal hernia
Occurs in males and is a protrusion into the scrotal cavity
Direct inguinal hernia
Occurs when a small intestinal segment enters through a tear in the membrane covering the abdominal wall at the umbilical region
Umbilical hernia
If a hernia becomes strangulated which restricts bloodflow to the protruding organ it’s called
This requires medical intervention to avoid loss of the affected organ
Strangulated hernia
Is a general term that includes the conditions ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
Inflammatory bowel disease or IBD
Infolding of a segment of the small intestine within another segment is a condition called
Collectively mean to take within
Intussusception
A chronic disease characterized by periodic disturbances of large intestine bowel function without clear physical damage is called
Episodes of this include abdominal pain caused by intestinal muscle spasms and flatus and are often associated with fluctuations between diarrhea and constipation
Irritable bowel syndrome or IBS
Most people produce an enzyme in the small intestine that breaks down lactose. a lack of this enzyme results from the uncomfortable symptoms of flatus and diarrhea when diary foods are consumed, this condition is called
Lactose intolerance and is abbreviated LI
A disorder that is characterized by difficulty absorbing one or more nutrients is called
An example is the inability to absorb fat molecules resulting in a life-threatening disease called lipopenia
Malabsorption syndrome
Inflammation of the pancreas
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of one or both parotid gland is called
If caused by a virus it’s usually referred to as mumps
Parotitis
Inflammation of the saliva gland
Sialoadenitis
The term peptic is a constructed term that means pertaining to digestion and erosion into the inner wall of an organ along the G.I. tract is generally called a
Peptic ulcer
The peritoneum is the extensive membrane that lines the inner wall of the Abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of its organs.
Inflammation of this membrane is called
Peritonitis
Small growth it is usually a benign growth that may occur in the nose throat or large intestine the presence of many polyps is called
Literal meaning condition of small growths
Polyposis
A combining form meaning rectum or anus is proct/o.
Inflammation of the anus and usually the rectum as well is called
Proctitis
A drooping or prolapse of the rectum is a condition called
Proctoptosis
Severe twisting of the intestine that leads to obstruction is called
Volvulus
An-
Without, absence of
Anti-
Against, opposite of
Dia-
Through
Endo-
Within
Abdomin/o
Abdomen
Acid/o
A solution or substance with a pH less than seven
Append/o
Appendix
Cheil/o
Lip
Cholecyst/o
Gallbladder
Choledoch/o
Common bile duct
Col/o
Colon
Fec/o
Feces
ile/o
To roll, ileum
Lapar/o
Abdomen
Lith/o
Stone
Nas/o
Nose
Polyp/o
Small growth
Pylor/o
Pylorus
Vag/o
Vagus nerve
-centesis
Surgical puncture
-ectomy
Surgical excision, removal
-emetic
Pertaining to vomiting
-gram
A record or image
-plasty
Surgical repair
-rrhaphy
Suturing
-rrhea
Discharge
-scopy
Process of viewing
-spasmodic
Pertaining to a sudden involuntary muscle contraction
-stomy
Surgical creation of an opening
-tomy
Incision, to cut
A surgical puncture through the abdominal wall to remove fluid is a procedure called
Abdominocentesis
An agent that reduces the acidity of the stomach cavity is called an
Antacid
A drug that prevents or stops the vomiting reflex
literal meaning pertaining to against vomiting
Antiemetic
A drug that reduces Peristalsis activity in the G.I. tract which arrest the muscular spasms involved in diarrhea is called
Antispasmodic
The surgical removal of an appendix is called
Appendectomy
An agent that stimulates strong waves of peristalsis of the colon is called this which means purging cleansing
this is also used to treat the symptoms of constipation
Cathartic
An agent that causes mild waves of peristalsis of is called a
Laxative
The procedure for suturing a lip is called
Cheilorraphy
The surgical removal of the gallbladder is called
Cholecystectomy
The procedure of producing an x-ray image of the gallbladder is known as
Cholecystogram
The surgery that involves the removal of one or more obstructive gallstones from the common bile duct is called
Choledocholithotomy
A congenital defect in which the bones supporting the roof of the mouth or hard palate failed to fuse during fetal development leaving a space between oral cavity and nasal cavity.
it is often accompanied by an opening in the upper left
Cleft palate
Surgical removal of the segment of the colon is called
Colectomy
When this procedure is performed on the colon it is called a
literal meaning surgical creation of an opening
Colostomy
A clinical lab test performed to detect blood in the feces is called
Fecal occult blood test
abbreviated FOBT
Surgical removal of a part of the stomach or in extreme cases the entire organ is called
Gastrectomy
The cleansing procedure in which the stomach is irrigated with a prescribed solution is known as
this is performed after ingestion of toxic substances or drug overdoses to remove irritants before or after surgery
Gastric lavage
Irrigation procedure may be performed on the colon to remove unwanted unwanted substances is called
Colonic irrigation
If the unwanted material is in fecal blockage in the colon or Rectum a blank is used
Enema
The process of feeding a patient through a tube inserted into the nose that extends through the esophagus to enter the stomach is called
Gavage
Visual examination of the GI tract that is made possible by the use of an endoscope
GI endoscopy
Procedure used to examine the esophagus
Escophagoscopy
Procedure used to view the stomach
Gastroscopy
Process which examines the esophagus stomach and duodenum
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Process to view the abdominal cavity
Laparoscopy
Process to examine views of the colon
Colonoscopy
Process to view or examine the sigmoid colon
Sigmoidoscopy
Process to observe the rectum
Proctoscopy
Several diagnostic techniques that provide radiographic examination of the G.I. tract
G.I. series
A barium swallow barium shake or barium meal is ingested to provide x-ray images of the esophagus stomach and duodenum for this procedure
Upper G.I. series UGI
The administration of barium sulfate into the colon and rectum for a lower G.I. series LGI of x-rays
Barium enema be
Surgical removal of diseased tissue in the gums or gingivae is called
Gingivectomy
injury that involves a severe bite to the tongue often requires surgery to close the wound with sutures. This surgery is called
Glossorrhaphy
Surgical removal of hemorrhoids is performed during a
Hemorrhoidectomy
A surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall and into the ileum of the small intestine is called
This is performed to establish an alternate anus for the passage of feces usually following a radical colonectomy in which the entire colon is removed
ileostomy
The surgical procedure that involves an incision through the abdominal wall, often from the base of the sternum to the pubic bone is called
Laparotomy
The surgical removal of polyps is known as
Polypectomy
The surgical repair of the pylorus region of the stomach which may include repair of the pyloric valve is known as
Pyloroplasty
If a pathogen is a suspected cause of a disease that affects the G.I. tract a test may be performed called a
Stool culture and sensitivity
CNS
The surgical dissection of branches of the vagus nerve may be performed in an effort to reduce gastric juice secretion as a treatment for chronic gastric ulcers this procedure is called
Vagotomy
BE
Barium enema
C & S
Stool culture and sensitivity
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
FOBT
Fecal occult blood test
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
Gastrointestinal
IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease
IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome
LGI
Lower GI series
LI
Lactose intolerance
N & V
Nausea and vomiting
UGI
Upper GI series
Albumin/o
Albumin, a protein
Blast/o
Germ, Bud, developing cell
Glomerul/o
Little ball, glomerulus
Gluc/o
Sweet, sugar
Glyc/o,
glycos/o
Sweet, sugar
Meat/o
Opening, passage
Nephr/o
Kidney
Pyel/o
Renal pelvis
Ren/o
Kidney
Ureter/o
Ureter
Urethr/o
Urethra
Ur/o
Urin/o
Urine
The sanitation engineer of the body maintaining the purity and health of the body’s fluids by removing unwanted waste materials and recycling other materials
The urinary system
They filter gallons of fluids from the bloodstream every day, removing metabolic waste, toxins, excess ions and water that leave the body as urine while returning needed materials back into the blood
Kidneys
Kidneys perform other vital functions such as
Regulation of: blood pressure, pH within body fluids, water and salt concentrations red blood cell production
The urethra, urinary bladder, and ureters are each protected by a
Mucous membrane
In addition to…other sources of disease may afflict the urinary system, including tumors, stones, inherited disorders, and cardiovascular disease
Infections
Because…originates from the bloodstream and the urinary system releases urine on a regular basis, urine testing provides a convenient means for testing general health
Urine
The clinical treatment of urinary disease is a medical discipline known as
Urology
A physician specializing in the field of urinary disease
Urologist
The field that specializes in the treatment of kidney disease is
Nephrology
A physician specializing in the field of kidney disease
Nephrologist
Poly-
Excessive, over, many
Azot/o
Urea, nitrogen
Bacteri/o
Bacteria
Glycos/o
Sweet, sugar
Hem/o
Hemat/o
Blood
Ket/o
Keton/o
Ketone
Noct/o
Night
Olig/o
Few in number
Protein/o
Protein
Py/o
Pus
-emia
Condition of blood
-urea
Urine
-uresis
Urination
-uria
Pertaining to urine, urination
A clinical procedure that examines the composition of urine using a variety of tests, including microscopy.
Urinalysis
Albumin is a protein normally present in the bloodstream. If it appears in the urine, it is a physical sign of abnormal renal filtration. This condition is called
Albuminuria
The inability to pass urine is a sign of blockage of the urinary tract or kidney failure, it’s called
Without urination
Anuresis
Anuria
Pertaining to without urine
The sign of abnormally high levels of urea and other nitrogen-containing compounds in the bold is called
Azotemia
The abnormal presence of bacteria in the urine is a sign of a urinary tract infection and is called
Bacteriuria
The excessive discharge of urine is a sign of the endocrine disorders known as diabetes insipidus and diabetes Mellitus
Literal meaning “urination through”
Diuresis
Difficulty or pain experience during urination
Dysuria
The abnormal presence of glucose in the urine is a sign of an endocrine disease, such as diabetes mellitus or kidney disorder or perhaps both
the sign is called
Glycosura
The abnormal presence of blood in the urine is a sign of urinary disease
it is called
pertaining to bloody urine or urination
Hematuria
The abnormal presence of ketone bodies in the urine is called
Ketonuria
The need to urinate frequently at night is a possible symptom of diabetes mellitus or benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH
Nocturia
When the volume of urine declines to less then 500 ML within 24 hour period is known as… And is a possible sign of a kidney disorder
It can also be a sign of congestive heart failure, dehydration, or blockage in the urinary tract
Oliguria
Chronic excessive urination is a common sign of an endocrine disease usually diabetes insipidus a diabetes mellitus the sign is called
it is also known as diuresis
Polyuria
The presence of any protein in the urine is called
Proteinuria
The presence of pus in the urine is called
Pyuria
En-
Within, upon, on, over
Hypo-
Deficient, abnormally low, below
Epi-
Upon, over, above, on top
Cyst/o
Bladder, sac
Hydr/o
Water
Spadias/o
Rip, tear
Sten/o
Narrow
-cele
Hernia, swelling, protrusion
-uresis
Urination
An inflammation of the urinary bladder is called
Usually caused by a bacterial infection that travels up the urethra
Cystitis
An infection of the urinary bladder and the urethra is called
Urethrocystitis
A herniation of the urinary bladder is called a
Cystocele
A stone or a calculus in the urinary bladder if it’s too large pass through the urethra medical intervention is required to eliminate it
Cystolith
And involuntarily release of urine which usually occurs due to a lack of bladder control among children or the elderly is known as
When this occurs during sleep it is known as nocturnal enuresis or bedwetting
Enuresis
A congenital defect resulting in the abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus is known as
Literal meaning a rip or tear upon
Epispadias
Any disease of the glomeruli is called a
Glomerulonephropathy
Inflammation of the glomeruli
which is known as
Glomerulonephritis
If the exit of urine out of the kidneys becomes blocked by an obstruction in the ureter, the urine will back up to cause distention of the renal pelvis
this condition is known as
Hydronephrosis
The change in the location of the urinary meatus is ventral
literally means a rip or tear below
Hypospadias
The inability to control urination is called
Urinary incontinence
And involuntary discharge of urine occurs during a cough, sneeze, or strained movement
Stress incontinence
Inflammation of a kidney is known as
Nephritis
A tumor originating from kidney tissue that includes developing embryonic cells. it’s also called Wilms’ tumor after the 19th century German physician who published the first description of the disease
Nephroblastoma
The presence of one or more stones or calculi within a kidney is called
Nephrolithiasis
A general term for a tumor arising from kidney tissue is
Nephroma
And abnormal enlargement of one or both kidneys is called
Nephromegaly
The condition of a downward displacement “drooping” of a kidney is known as
Nephroptosis
Nephroptosis is commonly called
Floating kidney
A kidney condition characterized by the presence of numerous cysts occupying much of the kidney tissue is called
Pertaining to many bladders
Polycystic kidney disease
Inflammation of the renal pelvis is called
Pyelitis
An inflammatory condition of the renal pelvis and nephrons is called
Pyelonephritis
A condition of abnormal narrowing is known as
Stricture
Ureteral stricture
Ureter is narrowed
Urethral stricture
The urethra is narrowed
Ureterovesical stricture
The junction of the ureter and bladder are narrowed
Another medical term that refers to the abnormal narrowing it may be used as an alternate term for stricture in each of these terms
Stenosis
Ureteral stricture or narrowing
ureterostenosis
An excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes are present in the blood
this is caused by failure of the kidneys to remove urea and is associated with renal insufficiency or renal failure
Uremia
Inflammation of a ureter is called
Ureteritis
Herniated ureter is called a
Ureterocele
The presence of one or more stones or calculi within a ureter is called
Ureterolithiasis
The abnormal accumulation of urine within the urinary bladder is called
Results from an inability to void or urinate
Urinary retention
An acute stoppage of urine formation by the kidneys is known as
Urinary suppression
The kidneys cease to function
Acute renal failure
Commonly called by its abbreviation of a UTI it’s an infection of urinary organs usually the urethra and urinary bladder
Urinary tract infection
Son/o
Sound
Tom/o
To cut
Vesic/o
Bladder
-gram
A record or image
-graphy
Recording process
-logy
Study or science of
-lysis
Loosen, dissolve
-meter
Measure, measuring instrument
-pexy
Surgical fixation, suspension
-plasty
Surgical repair
-rrhaphy
Suturing
-scopy
Process of viewing
-tripsy
Surgical crushing
A clinical lab test that measures urea concentration in a sample of blood as an indicator of kidney function abbreviated BUN
Blood urea nitrogen
Is a normal component of urine and is a by-product of muscle metabolism
Elevated levels of this indicate a problem during kidney filtration suggesting kidney disease
Creatinine
The surgical removal of the urinary bladder is called
Cystectomy
An x-ray procedure producing an image of the urinary bladder with injection of a contrast medium or dye is called
Cystography
An x-ray image of the urinary bladder is called
Cystogram
If the procedure includes the ureters, it’s called a
Cystoureterography
The image obtained from the procedure including the ureters is called
Cystoureterogram
If the procedure includes the urethra it is called
Cystourethrography
The image from the procedure that includes the urethra is called
Cystourethrogram
X-rays are taken before during and after urination to observe bladder function is called
Voiding cystourethrogram
VCUG
A procedure in which an incision is made to the urinary bladder wall to remove a stone is called
Cystolithotomy
Surgical repair of the urinary bladder is a procedure called
Cystoplasty
Suturing the urinary bladder wall is a procedure called
Cystorrhaphy
A procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder is known as
Cystoscopy
The surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder is a procedure called
Cystostomy
Because the term cystotomy refers to an incision into the urinary bladder wall it’s also called a ….because both cyst and vesic are word roots meaning bladder
Vesicotomy
A surgical procedure that destroys living tissue with an electrical current is called…
it is commonly used to remove tumors and polyps from the interior wall of the urinary bladder
Fulguration
A procedure that pushes a patient’s blood through permeable membranes within an instrument. it is performed to artificially remove nitrogenous wastes and excess ions that accumulate during normal body metabolism temporarily replacing the function of the kidney filtration for patients with kidney disease and kidney failure
Hemodialysis
A surgical technique that applies concentrated soundwaves to pulverize or dissolve stones into smaller pieces that may then pass with urine through the urethra is called
Lithotripsy
In the procedure ESWL ultrasonic energy from a source outside of the body is used on stones are too large to pass through the urethra it’s also a noninvasive technique and avoids the risk of surgery
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
A surgical procedure that removes the kidney is called
Nephrectomy
An x-ray technique producing an image of a kidney after injection of contrast medium or dye is called nephrography
The x-Ray image of the kidney obtained in this procedure is called
Nephrogram
The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the kidneys is called
Nephrology
A surgical procedure during which abnormal adhesions are removed from the kidney loosening the organ
Nephrolysis
Surgical fixation of a kidney is sometimes necessary if the kidney is abnormally loose within the abdominal cavity such as in the condition nephroptosis or floating kidney
Nephropexy
Visual examination of kidney nephrons may be performed in the procedure known as…
during which a modified fiber-optic endoscope called a nephroscope is used
Nephroscopy
Ultrasound procedure that provides an image of a kidney for diagnostic analysis is known as
Nephrosonography
The procedure that surgically creates an opening through the body wall and into the kidneys is called
Nephrostomy
A diagnostic procedure that images the kidney with sectional x-rays to observe internal details of kidney structure is known as nephrotomography. The image from this procedure is called
Nephrotomogram
It’s a process that removes toxins and other wastes as a replacement for kidney function this process is done from the peritoneal cavity rather than directly from the bloodstream
Peritoneal dialysis
An x-ray image of the renal pelvis is a useful diagnostic tool that is often used to examine kidney related disorders
Pyelogram
A combination of clinical lab tests are performed on a urine specimen is called
literal meaning analysis of urine
Urinalysis
UA
The process of inserting the urinary catheter is called
Urinary catheterization
The procedural use of an endoscope to observe internal structures of the urinary system is generally known as
Urinary endoscopy
An instrument that measures the specific gravity (density of substances in water) in a sample of urine is known as
Urinometer
The medical field specializing in disorders of the urinary system is called urology a physician who treats patients in this discipline is called a
Urologist
Surgery that is performed to stabilize the position of the urinary bladder is called
Vesicourethral suspension
Blood urea nitrogen
BUN
Cath
Catheter, catheterization
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
ESWL
Hemodialysis
HD
Intravenous pyelogram
IVP
Retrograde pyelogram
RP
Specific gravity
SG
Urinalysis
UA
Urinary tract infection
UTI
Voiding cystourethrogram
VCUG
Amni/o
Amnion/o
Amnion
Andr/o
Male
Balan/o
Glans penis
Cervic/o
Neck, cervix
Chori/o
Membrane, chorion
Cyes/o
Cyesi/o
Pregnancy
Embry/o
Embryo
Epididym/o
Epididymis
Episi/o
Vulva
Fet/o
Fetus
Gravid/o
Gravidar/o
Pregnancy
Mamm/o
Breast
Mast/o
Breast
Men/o
Menstru/o
Mouth
Menstruation
Orchi/o
Orchid/o
Testis
Pen/o
Penis
Prostat/o
Prostate gland
Semin/o
Seed
sperm
Sperm/o
Spermat/o
Seed
sperm
Test/o
Testis
testicle
Testicul/o
Little testis
Testicle
Urethr/o
Urethra
Vas/o
Vessel
In both sexes the …. system performs the role of producing sex cells called gametes in preparation for fertilization and development of new offspring
Reproductive system
The male sex hormone testosterone is also produced by the
Testes
The female hormones estrogen and progesterone are produced by cells within the
Ovaries
When a new life has been conceived the developing embryo enters into the segment of life called
Prenatal development
Blank is often referred to by it’s abbreviation OB
Obstetrics
Blank manages the health care of both the male and female reproductive systems
Reproductive medicine
Because the male urethra is responsible for transporting both urine and semen, disease of the male reproductive systems are usually treated within the field of urology by a
Urologist
Disease of the female reproductive system are generally treated by a physician called a
Gynecologist
Gynecologists. Specialize in the field
Gynecology
For many people the most common threat to health exposure to …during sexual contact
Pathogens
Once established these pathogens may spread throughout the body through STD
Sexually transmitted disease
Balan/o
Glans penis
Zo/o
Animal
Living
The inability to produce or ejaculate sperm is a sign of male infertility know as
Condition of without seed
Aspermia
The absence of living sperm in semen is called
Condition of without living seed
Azoospermia
An abnormal condition of discharge from the glans is called
Symptom of gonorrhea
Balanorrhea
The sexually transmitted infection syphilis may be diagnosed by the presence of small ulcers on the skin of the penis called
Chancres
And abnormally low sperm count is the most common sign of male infertility combining the word part that means fewer number with the word part meaning condition of sperm the term that results is a condition
Oligospermia
Wart olike lesions on the skin and mucous membranes is called
Papillomas
A sign of infection by sexually-transmitted human papilloma virus in they’re commonly called genital warts
Papilloma
Inflammation of the prostate gland is
called
it is usually a sign of either BPH or prostate cancer
Prostatitis
An abnormal discharge from the prostate gland is known as
Prostatorrhea
The condition of testicular pain is known as
Testalgia
Orchialgia
Orchidalgia
Inflammation of the urethra is called
Urethritis
Para-
Alongside
Abnormal
Andr/o
Male
Crypt/o
Hidden
Varic/o
Dilated vein
-ism
Condition or disease
-plasia
Formation, growth
A disease afflicting only males
Andropathy
Condition of without testis
Anorchism
Inflammation of the glans penis is a disorder called
Balanitis
Among many men older than 50 the prostate gland enlarges to constrict the urethra passing through it this is known as
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
BPH
The condition of an undescended testis is called
Cryptorchidism
Inflammation of the epididymis is called
Epididymitis
When the epididymis and one or both testes are inflamed the condition is known as
Orchiepididymitis
This is also known as impotence
Erectile dysfunction
ED
The swelling of the scrotum caused by fluid accumulation
Hydrocele
A hardness or induration of the erectile tissue within the penis is a condition known as
If the induration is greater on one side it will cause a curvature of the penis
Peyronie disease
A congenital narrowing of the prepuce opening is known as
Phimosis
If the glans penis becomes strangulated the condition is called
And must be surgically corrected to immediately avoid complications
Paraphimosis
An abnormally persistent erection of the penis often accompanied by pain and tenderness
most common cause of this is a drug overdose
Priapism
The prostate gland is subject to an aggressive form of cancer commonly known as
Prostate Cancer and also know as
prostatic carcinoma
A cancer originating from the testis is known as
Testicular carcinoma
Occurs when the spermatic cord becomes twisted, causing a reduced blood flow to the testis if not corrected within a few hours by surgery the affected testicular tissue can die
Testicular torsion
Herniation of the veins within the spermatic cord is a condition known as
Vericocele
Trans-
Through, beyond, across
Vesicul/o
Small bag
A collection of therapies that addresses erectile dysfunction is called
Anti-impotence therapy
The surgical repair of the glans penis is therefore called
Balanoplasty
A common routine procedure in many parts of the world is the removal of the prepuce. known as
Circumcision
A physical exam that involves the insertion of a finger into the rectum to feel the size and shape of the prostate gland through the wall of the rectum
Digital rectal examination
DRE
The surgical removal of a hydrocele is a procedure called
Hydrocelectomy
The surgical removal of the testis is called
Orchidectomy
A bilateral orchidectomy is commonly called
Castration
Surgical fixation of a testis is sometimes required to draw an undescended testis into the scrotum the procedure is called
Orchidopexy
A general term for surgical repair of a testis is
Orchidoplasty
The surgical insertion of a prosthesis or artificial device to correct erectile dysfunction
Penile implant
The surgical removal of the prostate gland is a procedure called
Prostatectomy
A clinical test that measures levels of the protein, prostate-specific antigen in the blood
Prostate specific antigen
PSA
A procedure that treats BPH through non-invasive removal of prostate tissue
Transurethral resection of the prostate gland
TURP
The department within the hospital or clinic that treats urinary tract problems of both sexes is called
Urology
A male can elect to become sterile or unable to produce and ejaculate sperm by undergoing a
Vasectomy
A surgery to reverse a vasectomy is known as
Vasovasostomy
A procedure to remove the seminal vesicles is called
Vesiculectomy
Colp/o
Vagina
Metr/o
Uterus
Salping/o
Trumpet
-rrhagia
Abnormal discharge
-salpinx
Trumpet
The absence of a menstrual discharge in a woman of childbearing age is a symptom of reproductive disease it is called
Amenorrhea
Symptom of vaginal pain
Colpodynia
A symptom of profuse vaginal bleeding
Colporrhagia
A symptom of abnormal pain during menstruation
Dysmenorrhea
Retained menstrual blood in the fallopian tube is called
Hematosalpinx
Fluid accumulation is another symptom of a disease associated with the Fallopian tube called
Hydrosalpinx
A white or yellow discharge from the vagina which is a sign of infection
Leukorrhea
A condition of pain in the breast is called
Mastalgia
The sign of profuse bleeding during menstruation is called
Menorrhagia
Abnormal discharge from the uterus
Metrorrhagia
Abnormal discharge from the uterus during and between menstrual periods
Memometrorrhagia
The term for the symptom of abdominal pain occurring during ovulation is a German word this occurs when bleeding from ovulation irritates the paratonia him
Mittelschmerz
Abnormal reduced discharge during menstruation may also be a sign of reproductive disease it is called
Oligomenorrhea
The discharge of pus from a fallopian tube is called
Pyosalpinx
Endo-
Within
Ex-
Outside, away from
Pre-
To come before
Fibr/o
Fiber
Lei/o
Smooth
Oophor/o
Ovary
Ovar/o
Ovary
Vagin/o
Sheath, vagina
Vesic/o
Bladder
-astresia
Closure or absence of a normal body opening
-s
Plural
Condition of without breast
Amastia
More than two elevated areas on the chest or abdomen with Ariola and a nipple
Polymastia
A malignant tumor arising from breast tissue is known as
The most common form is called infiltrating ductal carcinoma abbreviated IDC
Breast cancer
A form of cervical cancer arises from cells of the cervix which change in appearance before developing into a spreading malignancy it is called
Carcinoma in situ of the cervix
CIS
Malignant tumor of the cervix is known as
Cervical cancer
The most common form of squamous so carcinoma arising from the epithelial cells lining the opening into the uterus is called
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
CIN
Inflammation of the cervix is a condition known as
Cervicitis
The most common form of cervicitis occurs when the inner lining of the cervix becomes inflamed.
It’s called
Endocervicitis
Protrusion of the urinary bladder against the wall of the vagina may occur if the attachments between the two organs weaken this is called
Cystocele
A protrusion of the rectum against the wall of the vagina
Rectocele
A malignant tumor arising from the endometrial tissue lining of the uterus is called
Endometrial cancer
The abnormal growth of endometrial tissue may occur throughout areas of the pelvic cavity including the external walls of uterus, fallopian tubes, urinary bladder and even on the peritoneum
Endometriosis
Inflammation of the endometrium is a condition called
Endometritis
One or more benign, fibrosis cysts develops within the breast it is an inherited condition that has no known association with breast cancer
Fibrocystic breast disease
An abnormal passage from one organ or cavity to another
Fistula
Occurring between the vagina in the rectum is called
Rectovaginal fistula
Located between the urinary bladder and the vagina this is called
Vesicovaginal fistula
This means closure of the uterus
Hysteratresia
The muscular wall of the uterus is the origin of benign tumors known as
literal meaning tumor of smooth muscle
Leiomyoma
Inflammation of the breast is a condition known as
Mastitis
A breast that is abnormally pendulous or drooping is a condition known as
Mastoptosis
Any disease of an ovary is known as
oophoropathy
Inflammation of an ovary
oophoritis
Inflammation of an ovary and Fallopian tube is called
oophorosalpingitis
Aside from breast cancer the most lethal form of reproductive cancer in women is
Ovarian cancer
A cyst on an ovary that is usually benign and asymptomatic, although in some cases it may cause pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea
Ovarian cyst
A hormonal disturbance characterized by lack of ovulation menorrhea and infertility is called
Polycystic ovary syndrome
An inflammation involving some or all of the female organs within the pelvic cavity is called
Pelvic inflammatory disease
PID
A collection of symptoms including nervous tension, irritability, breast pain edema, and headache which usually occur during the 10 days proceeding menstruation is called
Premenstrual syndrome
PMS
The uterus is suspended by ligaments. If they weaken, often due to a congenital deformity or trauma, the uterus may become displaced to droop downward into the vagina.
This condition is called
Prolapsed uterus
Inflammation of a Fallopian tube is called
Salpingitis
PID
A protrusion or herniation of a fallopian tube wall is known as
Salpingocele
A severe bacterial infection characterized by a sudden high fever skin rash mental confusion acute renal failure an abnormal liver function
Caused by a type of Staphylococcus and is most common in menstruating women who use non-cotton tampons
Toxic shock syndrome
TSS
Inflammation of the vagina is known as
Vaginitis
The usual symptoms of redness and swelling are accompanied by thinning of the vaginal wall and loss of moisture usually due to a depletion of estrogen
Atrophic vaginitis
Inflammation of the external genitals or vulva is called
Vulvitis
When the vagina is also inflamed, the condition is known as
Vulvovaginitis
Gyn/o
Gynec/o
Woman
A minor surgical procedure that involves a surgical extraction of tissue for microscopic analysis is called a
Biopsy
bx
Bx
To remove precancerous or cancerous tissue from the cervix, the anterior part of the cervix can be removed in
Cervical conization
A cone shaped section of the cervix removed if the cancers developed
the cervix may be removed in a
Cervicectomy
Removal of the vagina is a surgery called or alternatively called vaginectomy
Colpectomy
Surgical repair of the vagina is a procedure called
Colpoplasty
A colpoplasty often includes suturing the wall of the vagina in a procedure called
Colporrhapy
In endoscopic evaluation of the vagina is called
Colposcopy
A common procedure that is used for both diagnostic and treatment purposes is called
Dilation and curettage
D&C
If the endometrium requires more treatment then can be provided by a D&C a …may be applied
lasers,electricity, or heat may be used to destroy the endometrium
Endometrial ablation
The branch of medicine focusing on women is known as
Gynecology
GYN
A physician known as an obstetrician gynecologist combines these two areas of expertise abbreviated as
OB/GYN
Also the study of diseases that affect women is known as
gynopathology
As a common therapy for hormonal management this may be used and can be very effective in correcting disrupted menstrual and ovarian cycles
Hormone replacement therapy
HRT
The surgical removal of the uterus is called
Hysterectomy
The surgical procedure that may be used to correct a prolapsed uterus by strengthening its connections to the abdominal wall to correct its position is called
literal meaning surgical fixation of the uterus
Hysteropexy
A non-invasive diagnostic technique that uses a modified endoscope called a hysteroscope to evaluate the uterine cavity is called
Hysteroscopy
To evaluate the external appearance of the uterus and other organs of the pelvic cavity a laparoscope is inserted through a small incision through the lower abdominal wall during a
Laparoscopy
An x-ray procedure that produces an x-ray image of the breast, called a mammogram, is called a
Mammography
The surgical repair of one or both breasts is called a
Mammoplasty
Thus a procedure involving the removal of breast tissue is
mastectomy
One entire breast is removed while leaving underlying muscles and lymph nodes intact
Simple mastectomy
The entire affected breast is removed along with muscles and lymph nodes of the chest
Radical mastectomy
The affected breast and lymph nodes are removed but the muscles are left intact
Modified radical mastectomy
Removal of the cancerous lesions only which conserves the breast
Lumpectomy
Surgical removal of an ovary is performed in a
oophorectomy
A common diagnostic procedure that screens for precancerous cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer is known as the
Papanicolaou smear - Pap smear
The surgical removal of a Fallopian tube is performed in the procedure called a
Salpingectomy
Surgical fixation of a Fallopian tube may become necessary if the ligaments that support the tube within the pelvic cavity weaken
the procedure is called
Salpingopexy
The procedure to open a blocked fallopian tube water drain fluid from an inflamed tube is called
Salpingostomy
A noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound waves to visualize the uterus within the pelvic cavity is called
Sonohysterography
Ultrasound probe is inserted into the vagina to record images of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes this is called
Transvaginal sonography
The most common form of female sterilization as a contraceptive measure is called ..
during which the Fallopian tubes are severed and closed to prevent the migration of sperm upward into the tubes
Tubal ligation
An instrument used during a gynecological exam
it’s a used to open the vaginal orifice wide enough to permit visual examination of the vagina and cervix
Vaginal speculum
The surgical removal of the vulva is called a
vulvectomy
Lact/o
Milk
Pseudo/o
False
Toc/o
Birth
-cyesis
Pregnancy
-emesis
Vomiting
The abnormal discharge of in the amniotic fluid is a sign of a ruptured amniotic sac the sign is called
Amniorrhea
Condition of difficult labor
Dystocia
The symptom of severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy is called
the term literally means excessive vomiting when pregnant
Hyperemesis gravidarum
An abnormal spontaneous discharge of milk usually between nursings of after weaning is known as
Lactorrhea
An excessive production of amniotic fluid during fetal development is called
Polyhydramnios
A sensation of being pregnant when a true pregnancy does not exist is called which literally means false pregnancy
Pseudocyesis
The premature separation of the placenta from uterine wall is called
Abruptio placentae
An abnormal childbirth in which the buttocks, feet or knees appear through the birth canal first is commonly called a
Breech presentation
An abnormality present at birth
Congenital anomaly
A condition that places a pregnant woman and her child at risk is a circulatory disorder called
Pregnancy induced hypertension
PIH
A pregnancy occurring outside the uterus is called
Ectopic pregnancy
Red blood cells are destroyed due to an incompatibility between the mother’s blood and the babies blood is called
erythroblastosis fetalis
A neonatal condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy is known as
Fetal alcohol syndrome
FAS
A lung disorder of neonates particularly premature infants in which certain cells of the lungs fail to mature at birth to cause lung collapse that can result in suffocation is called
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
NRDS
A condition in which the placenta is abnormally attached to the uterine wall in the lower portion of the uterus is called
Placenta previa
This may be contracted by exposure to animal feces most commonly from household cats
means condition of toxic form
Toxoplasmosis
A term derived from the Latin word Oporto means miscarry is abortion
it is the termination of pregnancy by expulsion of the embryo or fetus from the uterus a natural expulsion is called a
Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion SAB
An abortion induced by surgery or drugs is called a
Therapeutic abortion
TAB
A procedure that involves penetration of the amnion with a syringe and aspiration of a small amount of amniotic fluid for analysis is known as literal meaning surgical puncture of amnion
Amniocentesis
An alternative to the nonsurgical birth of a child to the birth canal person can be accomplished by surgically removing the child through the abdomen uterus
cesarean section
Literally means against conception or prevention of birth is the term for
Contraception
To reduce pain during childbirth the patient may request a
Epidural block
To prevent tearing of the vulva and perineum during childbirth a procedure can be done to widen the vaginal opening it is called
Episiotomy
Procedure that measures the size of a fetus is called
Fetometry
The field of medicine concerned with prenatal development pregnancy childbirth and the postpartum period is called
obstetrics
A physician who practices in the field of of obstetrics
Obstetrician
Infection by the Yestlike fungus Candida Alva Conness is often sexually transmitted to cause infection known as
Candidiasis
The most common bacterial STI in North America is
symptoms include urethral a vaginal discharge and pelvic pain among woman, urethritis and proctitis in men and inflammation of the eye, conjunctiva in newborns can lead to blindness
Chlamydia
This is the most common viral STI in North America it is caused by
the herpes simplex virus type 2 or HSV-2, it’s characterized by periodic outbreaks of ulcer like sores on the genital and anorectal skin and mucous membranes
Genital herpes
And STI that is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae is called
it produces ulcer like lesions on the mucous membranes and skin of the genital region and is characterized by urethral discharge
Gonorrhea
Hepatitis is an inflammatory disease of the liver that has many different forms that are categorized as type A through E in this commonly called version of hepatitis the causes of virus that is primarily transmitted via blood exchange
Hepatitis B
A virus that is extremely common in the human population and is transmitted during intercourse forms from the symptoms of papillomas or genital warts which are transient vesicles on the penis or within the vagina
Human papillomavirus
And STI that is caused by bacterium called a spirochete is known as
it’s transmitted by sexual contact and usually first appears as red painless pustules on the skin that a erode to form small ulcers
Syphilis
And STI caused by the protozoan trichomonas which is an amoeba like single celled organism is called
its spread by sexual contact and affects both men and women
trichomoniassis
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
BPH
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Bx, bx
Biopsy
CIN
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
CIS
Carcinoma in situ
C-section
Cesarean section
D&C
Dilation and curettage
DRE
Digital rectal exam
ED
Erectile dysfunction
FAS
Fetal alcohol syndrome
FBD
Fibrocystic breast disease
GYN
Gynecology
HBV
Hepatitis B virus
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
HPV
Human papillomavirus
HRT
Hormone replacement therapy
HSV-2
Herpes simplex virus type 2
IDC
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
NRDS
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
OB
obstetrics
OB/GYN
Obstetrics/gynecology
Papanicolaou smear test
Pap smear
PID
Pelvic inflammatory disease
PIH
Pregnancy induced hypertension
PMS
Premenstrual syndrome
PSA
Prostate specific antigen
SAB
Spontaneous abortion
STI
Sexually transmitted infection
TAB
Therapeutic abortion
TSS
Toxic shock syndrome
TURP
Transurethral resection of the prostate
TVS
Transvaginal sonography
