10 Flashcards
interpret interpretation interpretative interpreter
1.to explain the meaning of something
2. to decide that something has a particular meaning and to understand it in this way misinterpret
interpret something as something I didn’t know whether to interpret her silence as acceptance or refusal.
interpret something The research focused on how parents interpret the behaviour of their toddlers.
3.to translate one language into another as it is spoken
vacant vacancy
1.empty; not being used
SYNONYM unoccupied
2. if a job in a company is vacant, nobody is doing it and it is available for somebody to take
When the post finally fell (= became) vacant, they offered it to Fiona.
(British English) Situations Vacant (= a section in a newspaper or on a website where jobs are advertised)
The position left vacant in July has not yet been filled.
2.(of a look, an expression, etc.) showing no sign that the person is thinking of anything
a vacant look
She had large vacant brown eyes.
=emty
trek
o make a long or difficult journey, especially on foot
I hate having to trek up that hill with all the groceries.
Finally, we trekked across the wet sands towards the camp.
noble ignoble nobility(people)
1.having or showing fine personal qualities that people admire, such as courage, honesty and care for others
a noble leader
noble ideals
He died for a noble cause.
She died in a noble cause.
It was very noble of you to go so far to take him home.
2.belonging to a family of high social rank (= belonging to the nobility)
SYNONYM aristocratic
He was a young man of noble birth.
one of the noblest families in Portugal
Intermarriage between the noble families means that all the counts are related.
commoner
ng bình dân
aristocracy /ˌærɪˈstɒkrəsi/(people)
aristocrat(person)
aristocratic /ˌærɪstəˈkrætɪk/ /əˌrɪstəˈkrætɪk/
intermission
giờ nghỉ giải lao
recite recitation
1.to say a poem, piece of literature, etc. that you have learned, especially to an audience
consult
1.to go to somebody for information or advice
2. to discuss something with somebody to get their permission for something, or to help you make a decision
consult somebody You shouldn’t have done it without consulting me.
consult somebody about/on something I expect to be consulted about major issues.
consult (with somebody) (about/on something) I need to consult with my colleagues on the proposals.
We consulted quite widely before deciding what to do.
consultant(person) consultancy(company)
biography autobiography
- the story of a person’s life written by somebody else; this type of writing
- the story of a person’s life, written by that person; this type of writing
landslip=landslide
lở đất
(in)distinct(a)
1.easily or clearly heard, seen, felt, etc.
There was a distinct smell of gas.
His voice was quiet but every word was distinct.
2.clearly different or of a different kind
The results of the survey fell into two distinct groups.
distinct from something Jamaican reggae music is quite distinct from North American jazz or blues.
We are talking about rural areas, as distinct from major cities.
3.used to emphasize that you think an idea or situation definitely exists and is important
SYNONYM definite
Being tall gave Tony a distinct advantage.
I had the distinct impression I was being watched.
A strike is now a distinct possibility.
distinction
1.distinction (between A and B) a clear difference or contrast especially between people or things that are similar or related
distinctions between traditional and modern societies
Philosophers did not use to make a distinction between arts and science.
We need to draw a distinction between the two events.
2.the act of separating people or things into different groups
distinction (between A and B) The new law makes no distinction between adults and children (= treats them equally).
without distinction All groups are entitled to this money without distinction.
3.the quality of being something that is special
She had the distinction of being the first woman to fly the Atlantic.
4.a special mark or award that is given to somebody, especially a student, for excellent work
Naomi got a distinction in maths.
with distinction He graduated with distinction.
distinctive
1.having a quality or characteristic that makes something different and easily noticed
SYNONYM characteristic
verge soft shoulder:a narrow piece of ground with a soft surface at the edge of a road
1.a piece of grass at the edge of a path, road, etc.
a grass verge
The vehicle crossed white lines and mounted a verge before being stopped by police.
*on/to the verge of something/of doing something
very near to the moment when somebody does something or something happens
He was on the verge of tears.
They are on the verge of signing a new contract.
These measures brought the republic to the verge of economic collapse.
bờ cỏ
surge(v)
1. to move quickly and with force in a particular direction
The gates opened and the crowd surged forward.
Flood waters surged into their homes.
He surged past the other runners on the last lap.
2. to fill somebody with a strong feeling
SYNONYM sweep
Relief surged through her.
3. (of prices, profits, etc.) to suddenly increase in value - upsurge(n)a sudden large increase in something
upsurge (in something) an upsurge in violent crime
upsurge (of something) a recent upsurge of interest in his movies
surge(n)
1.a sudden increase of a strong feeling
SYNONYM rush
She felt a sudden surge of anger.
a surge of excitement
2.a sudden increase in the amount or number of something
surge in something a surge in consumer spending
We are having trouble keeping up with the recent surge in demand.
A last-minute surge in ticket sales saved the show from closure.
surge of something After an initial surge of interest, there has been little call for our services.
3.
breach(v)
1. to not keep to an agreement or not keep a promise
SYNONYM break
The government is accused of breaching the terms of the treaty.
A doctor was sacked for allegedly breaching patient confidentiality.
The proposed changes breached trade union rules.
2.to make a hole in a wall, fence, etc. so that somebody/something can go through it
The dam had been breached.
breach(n)
1. breach of something a failure to do something that must be done by law
a breach of contract/copyright/warranty
They are in breach of Article 119.
(British English) (a) breach of the peace (= the crime of behaving in a noisy or violent way in public)
Selling goods constituted a breach of regulation 10B.
2.breach of something an action that breaks an agreement to behave in a particular way
a breach of confidence/trust
a breach of security (= when something that is normally protected is no longer secure)
3. a break in a relationship between people or countries
The disagreement caused a serious breach in Franco-German relations.
*step into the breach
to do somebody’s job or work when they are suddenly or unexpectedly unable to do it
She stepped into the breach caused by Stella’s illness.
profound
1.very great; felt or experienced very strongly
profound changes in the earth’s climate
My father’s death had a profound effect on us all.
The news came as a profound shock.
2.showing great knowledge or understanding
profound insights
a profound book
3.needing a lot of study or thought
profound questions about life and death
She always claimed there was nothing profound about her artwork.
profound
1.very great; felt or experienced very strongly
profound changes in the earth’s climate
My father’s death had a profound effect on us all.
The news came as a profound shock.
2.showing great knowledge or understanding
profound insights
a profound book
3.needing a lot of study or thought
profound questions about life and death
She always claimed there was nothing profound about her artwork.
imply(v)
1.to suggest that something is true or that you feel or think something, without saying so directly
imply (that)… Are you implying (that) I am wrong?
I disliked the implied criticism in his voice.
imply something His silence seemed to imply agreement.
2. to make it seem likely that something is true or exists
SYNONYM suggest
imply (that)… The survey implies (that) more people are moving house than was thought.
it is implied that… It was implied in the survey that…
imply something Popularity does not necessarily imply merit.
The fact that she was here implies a degree of interest.
unite(v)
1/ to join together with other people in order to do something as a group
Nationalist parties united to oppose the government’s plans.
unite in something Local resident groups have united in opposition to the plan.
unite in doing something We will unite in fighting crime.
unite behind/against somebody/something Will they unite behind the new leader?
2/ to make people or things join together to form a unit; to join together
unite (somebody/something) A special bond unites our two countries.
His aim was to unite Italy.
The two countries united in 1887.
unite (somebody/something) (with somebody/something) She unites keen business skills with a charming personality.
#reunification /ˌriːˌjuːnɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ the reunification railway:đường sắt thống nhất
the act of joining together two or more regions or parts of a country so that they form a single political unit again
the reunification of Germany
=unify,intergrate/ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ reunite reunify reunion(n)a social occasion or party attended by a group of people who have not seen each other for a long time 1. to combine two or more things so that they work together; to combine with something else in this way integrate into/with something These programs will integrate with your existing software. integrate A (into/with B) | integrate A and B These programs can be integrated with your existing software.
patriot patriotism patriotic
1.having or expressing a great love of your country
finite /ˈfaɪnaɪt/
1.having a definite limit or fixed size
a finite number of possibilities
The world’s resources are finite.
bound(a)
1. certain or likely to happen, or to do or be something
There are bound to be changes when the new system is introduced.
It’s bound to be sunny again tomorrow.
You’ve done so much work—you’re bound to pass the exam.
It was bound to happen sooner or later (= we should have expected it).
These problems were almost bound to arise.
2.forced to do something by law, duty or a particular situation
bound by something We are not bound by the decision.
You are bound by the contract to pay before the end of the month.
bound (by something) to do something (formal) I am bound to say I disagree with you on this point.
They are legally bound to appear in court.
*be bound together by/in something
to be closely connected
communities bound together by customs and traditions
be bound up in something
very busy with something; very interested or involved in something
He’s too bound up in his work to have much time for his children.
*
bounds(n)
1.beyond/outside/within the bounds of decency
I am afraid your behaviour was beyond the bounds of decency.
Public spending must be kept within reasonable bounds.
It was not beyond the bounds of possibility that they would meet again one day.
His enthusiasm knew no bounds (= was very great).
nourish(v)
1. to keep a person, an animal or a plant alive and healthy with food, etc. =sustain
2.o allow a feeling, an idea, etc. to develop or grow stronger
By investing in education, we nourish the talents of our children.
There were hopes that the talks would nourish the fragile growth of good relations between the two countries.
=harbor,nurture
sustain
1. to make something continue for some time without becoming less
SYNONYM maintain
She managed to sustain everyone’s interest until the end of her speech.
Kangaroos can sustain high speeds over long distances.
the sustaining pedal of a piano (= that allows a note to continue sounding for a long time)
This relationship would be very difficult to sustain.
2. (formal) to experience something bad
SYNONYM suffer
to sustain damage/an injury/a defeat
The company sustained losses of millions of dollars.
3.=uphold
(un)sustainable sustainability
1.involving the use of natural products and energy in a way that does not harm the environment
sustainable forest management
an environmentally sustainable society
2.that can continue or be continued for a long time
sustainable economic growth
Unfortunately, this level of output is not sustainable.
uphold(n)
1. to support something that you think is right and make sure that it continues to exist
We have a duty to uphold the law.
The regime has been criticized for failing to uphold human rights.
We are determined to uphold the law.
2.(especially of a court of law) to agree that a previous decision was correct or that a request is reasonable
adopt(v)
1. to take somebody else’s child into your family and become its legal parent(s)
2.to start to use a particular method or to show a particular attitude towards somebody/something
All three teams adopted different approaches to the problem.
Our study examined the strategies adopted by patients for seeking information.
The police adopted tighter security measures.
to adopt an attitude/stance/position
3. to formally accept a suggestion or policy by voting
The government adopted a resolution on disarmament.
The council is expected to adopt the new policy at its next meeting.
4. to choose a new name, a country, a custom, etc. and begin to use it as your own
to adopt a name/title/language
revolution revolutionary revolutionise
cách mạng
fed up with
1.bored or unhappy, especially with a situation that has continued for too long
You look fed up. What’s the matter?
fed up with somebody/something People are fed up with all these traffic jams.
In the end, I just got fed up with his constant complaining.
I wish he’d get a job. I’m fed up with it (= with the situation).
fed up with doing something I’m fed up with waiting for her.
nominate nomination
1.to formally suggest that somebody/something should be chosen for an important role, prize, position, etc.
SYNONYM propose
nominate somebody/something (for something) She has been nominated for the presidency.
nominate somebody/something (as) something | nominate somebody/something + noun He was nominated (as) best actor.
nominate somebody/something to do something I nominated Paul to take on the role of treasurer.
2.to choose somebody to do a particular job
SYNONYM appoint
nominate somebody (to something) I have been nominated to the committee.
nominate somebody as something The president wanted to nominate her as his successor.
nominate somebody to do something She was nominated to speak on our behalf.
Each office will nominate a representative to sit on the committee.
3.nominate something (as something) to choose a time, date or title for something
SYNONYM select
1 December has been nominated as the day of the election.
appoint 1.to choose somebody for a job or position of responsibility appoint somebody They have appointed a new head teacher at my son's school. appoint somebody to something She has recently been appointed to the committee. appoint somebody (as) something They appointed him (as) captain of the English team. She's been appointed British ambassador to the UN. appoint somebody to do something A lawyer was appointed to represent the child. appointee 1.a person who has been chosen for a job or position of responsibility the new appointee to the post
đề cử
organic /ɔːˈɡænɪk/ vs Inorganic
1. produced or practised without using artificial chemicals
organic cheese/vegetables/wine, etc.
an organic farmer/gardener
organic farming/horticulture
The farm went fully organic in 1996.
2.produced by or from living things
Improve the soil by adding organic matter.
3.relating to chemical compounds that contain carbon and mainly or ultimately come from living things
organic compounds
4.consisting of different parts that are all connected to each other
the view of society as an organic whole
5.happening in a slow and natural way, rather than suddenly
the organic growth of foreign markets
có tổ chức,hữu cơ
distrustful of=mistrustful=skeptical skeptic(n,people) skepticism
1.having no confidence in somebody/something because you think they may be harmful; not trusting somebody/something
mistrustful (of somebody/something) Some people are very mistrustful of computers.
Since the accident he has become withdrawn and mistrustful.
1.skeptical (about/of something) having doubts that a claim or statement is true or that something will happen
I am skeptical about his chances of winning.
The public remain skeptical of these claims.
She looked highly skeptical.
distrust-mistrust
đa nghi,ko tin taskeptic:ng theo chủ nghĩa hoài nghi
determine
1/ to discover the facts about something; to calculate something exactly
SYNONYM establish
determine something An inquiry was set up to determine the cause of the accident.
Try to determine the extent of the problem.
determine what, whether, etc… We set out to determine exactly what happened that night.
It is difficult to determine when drama first appeared in India.
it is determined that… It was determined that she had died of natural causes.
2. to make something happen in a particular way or be of a particular type
determine something Rural voters in key states will determine the outcome of the election.
Upbringing plays an important part in determining a person’s character.
Age and experience will be determining factors in our choice of candidate.
determine where, whether, etc… The physical capabilities of a plant determine where it can and cannot live.
3.to officially decide and/or arrange something
determine something A date for the meeting has yet to be determined.
determine (that)… The court determined (that) the defendant should pay the legal costs.
4. to decide definitely to do something
determine to do something They determined to start early.
determine on something The government determined on a change of policy.
determine (that)… From that moment, I determined that it should not happen again.
determination
1.the quality that makes you continue trying to do something even when this is difficult
fierce/grim/dogged determination
He fought the illness with courage and determination.
They had survived by sheer determination.
determination to do something I admire her determination to get it right.
1.(formal) the process of deciding something officially
factors influencing the determination of future policy
xác định,định rõ,quyết tâm
accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/
1.] to happen faster or earlier; to make something happen faster or earlier
Inflation continues to accelerate.
accelerate something Exposure to the sun can accelerate the ageing process.
Government policy has greatly accelerated the decline of the small farmer.
Population growth accelerated only after 1750.
The epidemic is accelerating dramatically.
The pace of change has begun to accelerate.
2.(of a vehicle or person) to start to go faster
The runners accelerated smoothly around the bend.
The car accelerated to overtake me.
The car purred into life and accelerated away.
acceleration
1.acceleration (in something) an increase in how fast something happens
an acceleration in the rate of economic growth
2.the rate at which a vehicle increases speed
a car with good acceleration
acceleration from 0–60 mph in 11.2 seconds
This model has the best acceleration of any available sports car.
tăng nhanh
vanish
1.to disappear suddenly and/or in a way that you cannot explain
He turned around and vanished into the house.
The magician vanished in a puff of smoke.
My glasses seem to have vanished.
He vanished without trace.
2.to stop existing
the vanishing woodlands of Europe
All hopes of a peaceful settlement had now vanished.
All thoughts of leaving vanished from his mind.
mất tích
fraction 1.a small part or amount of something Only a small fraction of a bank's total deposits will be withdrawn at any one time. She hesitated for the merest fraction of a second. He raised his voice a fraction. 2.a division of a number, for example ⅝ How do you express 25% as a fraction? fractional 1.(formal) very small; not important SYNONYM minimal a fractional decline in earnings There was a fractional hesitation before he said yes. 2.of or in fractions a fractional equation
phân số,phần nhỏ
thump
1.] thump (somebody/something) (+ adv./prep.) to hit somebody/something hard, especially with your closed hand
He thumped the table angrily.
She couldn’t get her breath and had to be thumped on the back.
(informal) I’ll thump you if you say that again.
(informal, figurative) He thumped out a tune (= played it very loudly) on the piano.
2.to fall on or hit a surface hard, with a loud sound; to make something do this
+ adv./prep. A bird thumped against the window.
thump something + adv./prep. He thumped the report down on my desk.
đấm,đập bằng tay,va đập
rental
1.the amount of money that you pay to use something for a particular period of time
Telephone charges include line rental.
2.the act of renting something or an arrangement to rent something
the world’s largest car rental company
(especially North American English) a rental car
a minimum rental period of three months
tiền thuê
duration /djuˈreɪʃn/
formal
1.the length of time that something lasts or continues
The school was used as a hospital for the duration of the war.
a contract of three years’ duration
khoảng tgian
stunt
1.stunt somebody/something to prevent somebody/something from growing or developing as much as they/it should
The constant winds had stunted the growth of plants and bushes.
His illness had not stunted his creativity.
stunt(n)
1/a dangerous and difficult action that somebody does to entertain people, especially as part of a film
He did all his own stunts.
a stunt pilot
a stunt flying team
2.(informal) a stupid or dangerous act
I’ve had enough of her childish stunts.
Don’t you ever pull a stunt like that again!
What was the point of tonight’s little stunt?
stuntman stuntwoman
terror
1.a feeling of extreme fear
a feeling of sheer/pure terror
Her eyes were wild with terror.
in terror People fled from the explosion in terror.
He lives in terror of (= is constantly afraid of) losing his job.
Some women have a terror of losing control in the birth process.
(literary) The very name of the enemy struck terror into their hearts.
2.a person, situation or thing that makes you very afraid
These street gangs have become the terror of the neighbourhood.
The terrors of the night were past.
(literary) Death holds no terrors for (= does not frighten or worry) me.
3.violent action or the threat of violent action that is intended to cause fear, usually for political purposes
SYNONYM terrorism
a campaign of terror
terror tactics/groups
The president declared a war on terror (= a campaign against the use of terror).
kinh hãi,khiếp sơ,khủng bố
territory /ˈterətri/ /ˈterətɔːri/
1. land that is under the control of a particular country or political leader
enemy/disputed/foreign territory
occupied territories
They have refused to allow UN troops to be stationed in their territory.
2.an area that one person, group, animal, etc. considers as their own and defends against others who try to enter it
Blackbirds will defend their territory against intruders.
She seems to regard that end of the office as her territory.
Each of these gangs has its own territory.
3.an area of activity, especially one that is familiar/unfamiliar or somebody’s particular responsibility
This type of work is uncharted territory for us.
Legal problems are Andy’s territory (= he deals with them).
4.an area of a town, country, etc. that somebody has responsibility for in their work or another activity
Our representatives cover a very large territory.
5. a particular type of land
unexplored territory
territorial /ˌterəˈtɔːriəl/
lãnh thổ,khu vực
dramatic
1.(of a change, an event, etc.) sudden, very great and often surprising
a dramatic increase/change/improvement/shift
There has been a dramatic rise in reported crime.
a dramatic decline/drop/fall/reducution in value
The announcement had a dramatic effect on house prices.
Climate change will have a dramatic impact on the health of the planet.
2.exciting and impressive
a dramatic victory
They watched dramatic pictures of the police raid on TV.
This scene lacked the dramatic impact that it should have had.
set against the dramatic backcloth of Mont Blanc
3.[usually before noun] connected with the theatre or plays
a local dramatic society
Students will study various plays and dramatic texts.
a dramatic monologue
She went on to study dramatic arts at Columbia University.
internal
1.[only before noun] connected with the inside of something
the internal structure of a building
internal doors
2.[usually before noun] involving or affecting only the people who are part of a particular organization rather than people from outside it
The company has launched an internal investigation into the claims.
an internal inquiry/review/audit
an internal memo/document
Does the bank to have adequate records, systems and internal controls?
the internal workings of government
internal divisions within the company
3.[only before noun] connected with a country’s own affairs rather than those that involve other countries
SYNONYM domestic
He accused the US of trying to interfere in his country’s internal affairs.
an alleged threat to the country’s internal security
an internal flight (= within a country)
4.coming from within a thing itself rather than from outside it
a theory that lacks internal consistency (= whose parts are not in agreement with each other)
Some photos contain internal evidence (= fashions, transport, etc.) that may help to date them.
5.happening or existing in your mind
SYNONYM inner
She struggled with her own internal conflicts.
internal struggles
internalize /ɪnˈtɜːnəlaɪz/ internalization
1.to make a feeling, an attitude, or a belief part of the way you think and behave
Minority groups tend to internalize the values of the dominant society.
nội bộ,nội tại
external
1.connected with or located on the outside of something/somebody
the external walls of the building
an external hard drive
The lotion is for external use only (= only for the skin and must not be eaten).
2.happening or coming from outside a place, an organization, your particular situation, etc.
A combination of internal and external factors caused the company to close down.
external pressures on the economy
our perception of the external world
Many external influences can affect your state of mind.
external to somebody/something The information has come from reliable sources external to the government.
3.connected with foreign countries
The government is committed to reducing the country’s external debt.
the Minister of State for External Affairs
The country was promised military aid in the case of external threat.
externalize externalization
1. to show what you are thinking and feeling by what you say or do
His worries about losing his job were externalized in angry outbursts at home.
bên ngoài,ngoại tại
inner
1. inside; towards or close to the centre of a place
an inner courtyard
inner London
2.(of feelings and thoughts) private and secret; not expressed or shown to other people
She doesn’t reveal much of her inner self.
the inner workings of the mind
An inner voice told him that what he was doing was wrong.
He has to fight an inner turmoil even to step onto a plane.
a character who makes us wish to know more about his inner life
It’s time to get in touch with your inner geek (= the part of you that likes geeky things, even though you pretend not to).
outer
1.on the outside of something
SYNONYM external
the outer layers of the skin
While the chassis is made of steel, the outer shell is plastic.
The attackers began to enter through the outer walls.
The stair winds up between the inner and outer walls of the house.
2.furthest from the inside or centre of something
I walked along the outer edge of the track.
the outer suburbs of the city
Outer London/Mongolia
(figurative) to explore the outer (= most extreme) limits of human experience
