10/03/2021 [leg muscles, leg dermatomes, disc prolapse, physiology of immnunity, rheumatic fever, sarcoidosis, inhaler use, uveitis, anatomy of the eye, Bechette's disease, Omdamzatron] Flashcards
Muscles int he anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorun longus, exntensor hallucis longus and fibularis tertius
Collectively what do the anterior leg muscles do?
Dorsiflex and invert eh footy at the ankle joint
Whihch muscles extend the toes
Extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus
Innervation of the muscles
Deep fibular nerve [L4-S1]
Blood supply anterior muscles leg
Anterior tibial artery
Location, action, attachments, innervation of the tibilias anterio
The tibialis anterior muscle is located alongside the lateral surface of the tibia. Attachments: Originates from the lateral surface of the tibia, attaches to the medial cuneiform and the base of metatarsal I. Actions: Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot. Innervation: Deep fibular nerve.
Extensor digiroum longus
The extensor digitorum longus lies lateral and deep to the tibialis anterior. The tendons of the EDL can be palpated on the dorsal surface of the foot. Attachments: Originates from the lateral condyle of the tibia and the medial surface of the fibula. The fibres converge into a tendon, which travels to the dorsal surface of the foot. The tendon splits into four, each inserting onto a toe. Actions: Extension of the lateral four toes, and dorsiflexion of the foot. Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
How can you test the power of the tibilias anteiror?
To test the power of the tibialis anterior, the patient can be asked to stand on their heels.
Which is the strongest muscle santerior compartmetn?
Tibilias anterior
Extnesor hallucis longus
The extensor hallucis longus is located deep to the EDL and TA. Attachments: Originates from the medial surface of the fibular shaft. The tendon crosses anterior to the ankle joint and attaches to the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe. Action: Extension of the great toe and dorsiflexion of the foot. Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
Fibularis tertarius
The fibularis tertius muscles arises from the most inferior part of the EDL. It is not present in all individuals and is considered by some texts as a part of the extensor digitorum longus. Attachments: Originates with the extensor digitorum longus from the medial surface of the fibula. The tendon descends with the EDL, until they reach the dorsal surface of the foot. The fibularis tertius tendon then diverges and attaches to metatarsal V. Actions: Eversion and dorsiflexion of the foot. Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
When does footdrop occur? Sx of it
Footdrop is a clinical sign indicating paralysis of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg. It typically occurs as a consequence of damage to the common fibular (peroneal) nerve – from which the deep fibular nerve arises. In footdrop, the muscles in the anterior compartment are paralysed. The unopposed pull of the muscles in the posterior leg produce permanent plantarflexion. This can interfere with walking – as the affected limb can drag along the ground. To circumvent this, the patient can flick the foot outwards while walking – known as an ‘eversion flick
Which muscle porduces eversioin of the subtalar joint?
Fibularis tertaius
Muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg
There are two muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg; the fibularis longus and brevis (also known as peroneal longus and brevis)
Function of the muscles in the lateral compartment
The common function of the muscles is eversion – turning the sole of the foot outwards. They are both innervated by the superficial fibular nerve
Attahcments, actions, innervation, location of the fibularis longus
The fibularis longus is the larger and more superficial muscle within the compartment. Attachments The fibularis longus originates from the superior and lateral surface of the fibula and the lateral tibial condyle. The fibres converge into a tendon, which descends into the foot, posterior to the lateral malleolus. The tendon crosses under the foot, and attaches to the bones on the medial side, namely the medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal I. Actions: Eversion and plantarflexion of the foot. Also supports the lateral and transverse arches of the foot. Innervation: Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve, L4-S1
Fibularis brevis
The fibularis brevis muscles is deeper and shorter than the fibularis longus. Attachments: Originates from the inferolateral surface of the fibular shaft. The muscle belly forms a tendon, which descends with the fibularis longus into the foot. It travels posteriorly to the lateral malleolus, passing over the calcaneus and the cuboidal bones. The tendon then attaches to a tubercle on metatarsal V. Actions: Eversion of the foot. Innervation: Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve, L4-S1.
How can the common fibular nerve be lcoated?
The common fibular nerve can be a difficult structure to identify. However, it can be located using the fibularis longus as an anatomical landmark. There is a small space between the parts of the fibularis longus that originate from the head of the fibula, and the neck of the fibula. The common fibular nerve passes through this gap, and is easily identified. After passing through the gap, the nerve terminates by bifurcating into two terminal branches; the deep and superficial fibular nerve
Which nerve innervated lateral compartment leg?
Superficial fibular
How is the posterior compartment leg seperated?
The posterior compartment of the leg contains seven muscles, organised into two layers – superficial and deep. The two layers are separated by a band of fascia
Function of the posterior leg muscles? Innervation too.
The posterior leg is the largest of the three compartments. Collectively, the muscles in this area plantarflex and invert the foot. They are innervated by the tibial nerve, a terminal branch of the sciatic nerve
Where do all the calf muscles insert?
The superficial muscles form the characteristic ‘calf’ shape of the posterior leg. They all insert into the calcaneus of the foot (the heel bone), via the calcaneal tendon.
What does the calcaneal reflex test?
nerve roots S1-2
To minimise friction duyring movement, what is located with the calcaneal tendon?
To minimise friction during movement, there are two bursae (fluid filled sacs) associated with the calcaneal tendon: Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa – lies between the skin and the calcaneal tendon. Deep bursa of the calcaneal tendon – lies between the tendon and the calcaneus
Location, attahcments, actions, innervation of the gastrocnemius
The gastrocnemius is the most superficial of all the muscles in the posterior leg. It has two heads – medial and lateral, which converge to form a single muscle belly. Attachments: The lateral head originates from the lateral femoral condyle, and medial head from the medial femoral condyle. The fibres converge, and form a single muscle belly. In the lower part of the leg, the muscle belly combines with the soleus to from the calcaneal tendon, with inserts onto the calcaneus (the heel bone). Actions: It plantarflexes at the ankle joint, and because it crosses the knee, it is a flexor there. Innervation: Tibial nerve.
Plantaris
Plantaris The plantaris is a small muscle with a long tendon, which can be mistaken for a nerve as it descends down the leg. It is absent in 10% of people. Attachments: Originates from the lateral supracondylar line of the femur. The muscle descends medially, condensing into a tendon that runs down the leg, between the gastrocnemius and soleus. The tendon blends with the calcaneal tendon. Actions: It plantarflexes at the ankle joint, and because it crosses the knee, it is a flexor there. It is not a vital muscle for these movements. Innervation: Tibial nerve.
Soleus
The soleus is located deep to the gastrocnemius. It is large and flat, named soleus due to its resemblance of a sole – a flat fish. Attachments: Originates from the soleal line of the tibia and proximal fibular area. The muscle narrows in the lower part of the leg, and joins the calcaneal tendon. Actions: Plantarflexes the foot at the ankle joint. Innervation: Tibial Nerve
name all the superficial muscles calf
gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus
name all the depp muscles in the calf
popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorium longus, flexor hallucis longus
Popliteus
The popliteus is located superiorly in the leg. It lies behind the knee joint, forming the base of the popliteal fossa. There is a bursa (fluid filled sac) that lies between the popliteal tendon and the posterior surface of the knee joint. It is called the popliteus bursa. Attachments: Originates from the lateral condyle of the femur and the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus. From there, it runs inferomedially towards the tibia and inserts above the origin of the soleus muscle. Actions: Laterally rotates the femur on the tibia – ‘unlocking’ the knee joint so that flexion can occur. Innervation: Tibial nerve.
Tibialis posterior
The tibialis posterior is the deepest out of the four muscles. It lies between the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. Attachments: Originates from the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula, and posterior surfaces of the two bones. The tendon enters the foot posterior to the medial malleolus, and attaches to the plantar surfaces of the medial tarsal bones. Actions: Inverts and plantarflexes the foot, maintains the medial arch of the foot. Innervation: Tibial nerve.
Flexor digitorum longus
The FDL is (surprisingly) a smaller muscle than the flexor hallucis longus. It is located medially in the posterior leg. Attachments: Originates from the medial surface of the tibia, attaches to the plantar surfaces of the lateral four digits. Actions: Flexes the lateral four toes. Innervation: Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus
The flexor hallucis longus muscle is found on the lateral side of leg. This is slightly counter-intuitive, as it is opposite the great toe, which it acts on. Attachments: Originates from the posterior surface of the fibula, attaches to the plantar surface of the phalanx of the great toe. Actions: Flexes the great toe. Innervation: Tibial nerve.
Which muscle in the deep calf acts on only one joint?
Popliteal on the knee
Nerves C2-4
Skin of the neck
Nerves C5-T1
Arms
Nerves T2 to L2
Chest and abdomen
Nerves L3-S1
skin of the legs
Serves S1-S4
groin
Cervical spial nerves
C2: lower jaw, back of the head C3: upper neck, back of the head C4: lower neck, upper shoulders C5: area of the collarbones, upper shoulders C6: shoulders, outside of arm, thumb C7: upper back, back of arm, pointer and middle finger C8: upper back, inside of arm, ring and little finger
Thoracic spinal nerves
T1: upper chest and back, armpit, front of arm T2: upper chest and back T3: upper chest and back T4: upper chest (area of nipples) and back T5: mid-chest and back T6: mid-chest and back T7: mid-chest and back T8: upper abdomen and mid-back T9: upper abdomen and mid-back T10: abdomen (area of belly button) and mid-back T11: abdomen and mid-back T12: lower abdomen and mid-back
Lumbircal spinal nerves
L1: lower back, hips, groin L2: lower back, front and inside of thigh L3: lower back, front and inside of thigh L4: lower back, front of thigh and calf, area of knee, inside of ankle L5: lower back, front and outside of calf, top and bottom of foot, first four toes
Sacral spinal nerves
S1: lower back, back of thigh, back and inside of calf, last toe S2: buttocks, genitals, back of thigh and calf S3: buttocks, genitals S4: buttocks S5: buttocks
Coccygeal spinal nerves
buttocks, area of tailbone