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Learning and Memory > 1-Working memory and cognitive control > Flashcards

1-Working memory and cognitive control Flashcards

1
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory types

A

Input -> Transient Memory -> Sensory Memory -> Attention -> Short-term memory -> Long term Memory

repeated rehearsal is enough

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2
Q

Sensory Memory

Atk-Shiff Model

A
  • brief sensation
  • rapid decay
  • inonic memory = recognising and processing briefly presented info
  • Sperling Task (array, tone, row of letters) => visual memory includes all items recently seen
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3
Q

STM

A
  • temporary
  • maintained as long as it is rehearsed
  • limited in capacity (5-9 items)
  • limited to what we pay attention to
  • forgetting through displacement
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4
Q

Depth of processing

A
  • passive rehearsal is not enough for STM-LTM transfer

- actively applying info in meaningful ways helps

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5
Q

Working memory

A

keep track of recent events

access memories of facts during encoding and retrieval

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6
Q

Executive control of working memory

A

maintenance and manipulation of working and short-tea memory

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7
Q

Baddeley’s working memory model

A

Manipulation = Central executive (monitoring, adding, updating)

Maintenance = Two memory buffers that are stored separately (Phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad)

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8
Q

Central Executive

A
  • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • higher order executive functions
  • monitoring and manipulating working memory
  • impariments in delay-response tasks
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9
Q

Right DLPFC

A

monitoring processes

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10
Q

Left DLPFC

A

verbal materials

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11
Q

Phonological Loop

A
  • internal speech rehearsal
  • 2 seconds of speech
  • word length effect
  • left ventrolateral PFC
    anterior: semantic
    posterios: phonological
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12
Q

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

A
  • limited in capacity
  • encoding, retrieval, rehearsal
  • right ventrolateral PFC
  • Delayed non match to sample task = monkey, reward, delay, hidden under now object => chooses non matching => learn to remember and hold memory
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13
Q

VSS and PL are

A

independent capacities

  • Dual task experiment ( * travelling along periphery of F)
    => reaction times fastest vocal, then tapping and pointing.
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14
Q

Cognitive functions of working memory

A
  • controlled updating of STM buffers
  • setting goals and planning
  • task switching
  • stimulus selection
  • response inhibition
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15
Q

Controlled updating of STM buffers

A

decide which memories are needed for task

  • N-Back task : which item was read N previously
  • Petrides self ordered memory task: point to different item on each card
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16
Q

Setting goals and planning

A

Tower of Hanoi

17
Q

Task switching

A
  • monitoring external cues to switch

- Wisconsin Card Sort test = learn new rule of sorting and keep track

18
Q

Stimulus selection and response inhibition

A
  • inhibit habitual response
  • shift attention to context-specific rule

Stroop task

19
Q

Frontal lobe damage

A

deficitins in all of working memory and executive control tasks

20
Q

in absence of an executive control system we are no longer

A

guided by long term goals or task specific constrains

21
Q

Dysexecutive syndrome

A 
frontal lobe damage
disrupted ability to think, plan, organise
impulsive
distractable
perseveration during Wisconsin card test
22
Q

Orbitofrontal and medial PFC are also involved in memory functions but less than

A

lateral PFC

23
Q

Dorsolateral PFC

A

executive control functions

manipulation

24
Q

Ventrolateral PFC

A

maintenance

25
Q

Goldman-Rakic eye gaze test of spatial memory

A
  • monkeys
  • certain neurons in PFC fire during presentation of cue, or during response or during delay period
  • delay neurons are individually tuned to different directional movements
26
Q

Spatial and object working memory are localised differently because

A

spatial location task activates right premotor cortex

- object identity task => right DLPFC

27
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • hallucinations and delusions
  • dysfunctional DLPFC = disturbances in working memory and executive control
  • unimpaired VLPFC
  • deficiencies in cortical dopamine processing
  • more D1 receptors in DLPFC
  • COMT gene
28
Q

ADHD

A
  • difficulty with working memory and executive control processes, inhibiting stimuli and planning
  • dysfunction of PFC, cerebellum and basal ganglia
  • smaller right PFC = spatial attention and working memory
29
Q

Three fundamental mental processes

A
  • encoding = memory code = label
  • storage = memory store
  • retrieval
30
Q

Memory as a whole

A

subsystems interacting, each with its own memory store

31
Q

Fuster and Alexander delayed response task

A
  • window, apple under object
  • firing in prefrontal and thalamic units during delay and cue period => acquisition and temporary storage os sensory information

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