1 Why is Studying Lung Disease Important? Flashcards
Q: What are the predictions for COPD and lung cancer?
A: going to increase
Q: What do these mean? What is average value?
F(i)O2 F(i)CO2 P(A)O2 P(A)CO2 P(a)O2 P(a)CO2 P(v)O2 P(v)CO2
A: concentration in atmospheric air- 20.9, 0.04%
partial pressure in alveolar air- 13.3kPa/100mmHg, 5.3kPa/40mmHg
partial pressure in arterial blood- 13.3kPa/100mmHg, 5.3kPa/40mmHg
partial pressure in mixed venous blood- 5.3kPa/40mmHg, 6.1kPa/4mmHg
Q: What are restrictive lung diseases? Symptoms? 2 examples.
A: small lung
restrict lung expansion, resulting in a decreased lung volume, an increased work of breathing, and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation
People with restrictive lung disease have difficulty fully expanding their lungs with air.
Obstructive and restrictive lung disease share the same main symptom: shortness of breath with exertion.
- Interstitial lung disease, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
- muscular dystrophy
Q: What are obstructive lung diseases? Symptoms? 2 examples.
A: Obstructive lung diseases include conditions that make it hard to exhale all the air in the lungs.
Obstructive and restrictive lung disease share the same main symptom: shortness of breath with exertion.
COPD, asthma, CF
Q: What’s the largest cause of death associated with pregnancy?
A: pulmonary emboli (clots)
Q: What symptoms might reflect lung disease?
A: Breathlessness Cough Sputum production Haemoptysis (cough blood) Chest discomfort Wheeze or musical breathing Stridor (high-pitched, wheezing sound caused by disrupted airflow) Hoarseness Snoring history /Daytime sleepiness (Weight loss. Anorexia, Fever)
Q: What is breathlessness?
A: Breathlessness or dyspnoea is a sensation of difficult, laboured or uncomfortable breathing.
Q: What can cause breathlessness? (5)
A: Lung Disease
Heart Disease
Pulmonary Vascular Disease
Neuromuscular disease (eg diaphragm weakness)
Systemic Disorders (eg anaemia, hyperthyroidism, obesity)
Q: What does the action of breathing do? (3)
A: The action of breathing delivers warmed, humidified air to specialised gas exchange surfaces
The heart delivers deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary capillaries
Gas exchange between air and blood occurs by diffusion
Q: How much oxygen does a resting adult need per minute? What can make airway lumen narrow? (3)
A: 250 ml oxygen/minute
- thicker lumen
- more mucous
- loss of elastic tissue
Q: How can smoking affect your lungs? (3)
A: 1. some chemicals damage cilia -> are paralysed -> have to get rid of mucous by mass expulsion from coughing
- causes mucous gland hyperplasia-> airway walls get thicker
- more mucous produced make lumen small as can’t stretch the other way because cartilage prevents
Q: What does emphysema do? (2) usually part of?
A: bulk of damage occurs in air sacs -> get destruction and distortion and loss of elasticity = over-inflation of the alveoli
one thing that keeps airways open is the radial traction of the surrounding lung tissue
usually part of COPD
Q: Why are people with pneumonia breathless?
A: their air sacs can’t take part in gas exchange as are filled with neutrophils, bacteria and secretions
Q: What is spirometry? What does it allow? (3) Graphs?
A: -measuring how much air you can breathe out in one forced breath
see whether patient is normal, has airway obstruction or restrictive ventilatory defect
REFER time volume
