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History > 1. USA > Flashcards

1. USA Flashcards

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1
Q

How did the First World War contribute to the economic boom?

A
  • USA sold may goods to Britain, France & Russia and had managed to take over world trade whilst other countries were fighting
  • USA leant money to the Allies and were paid back with large interest rates
  • Profits from the war and huge resources were used to create new industries
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2
Q

How did republican policies contribute to the economic boom?

A 
Laissez-faire
•Allowing businesses to set their own rules (hours/pay)
Low taxation
•Low tax, more money to spend on goods
Tariffs
•High tax on foreign goods
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3
Q

How did new industries/new methods contribute to the economic boom?

A

Assembly line production led to mass production which meant cheaper goods, such as fridges, freezers, hoovers and cars

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4
Q

What factors contributed to the economic boom?

A

First World War
Republican policies
New industries/New methods e.g assembly line
Hire purchase + buying on the margin e.g goods & stock market

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5
Q

How did hire purchase + buying on the margin contribute to the economic boom?

A

Hire purchase- borrow money, pay back later.

Buying on the margin - borrow 90% of the cash, buy shares, sell them and pay back loan

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6
Q

Who was Franklin D Roosevelt + what were his policies?

A

•Became president in 1933 after winning by 7 million votes
•Promised a ‘New Deal’
Believed in an active government that could help the people
•Democrat

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7
Q

Who was Herbert Hoover + what were his policies?

A
  • Nicknamed the ‘Do Nothing’ president
  • Hoovervilles + Hoover blankets named after him
  • Republican
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8
Q

What was prohibition?

A

A law which banned selling, making or transporting alcohol

•Started January 1920

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9
Q

What were the consequences of the crash?

A

•658 banks failed in 1929
1352 banks failed in 1930
•Wages of workers reduced by up to 60%
•1933 - 14 million unemployed + USA trade reduced due to revenge tariffs overseas

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10
Q

How did overproduction contribute to the crash?

A
  • 1929 US industry running out of customers
  • Everyone who wanted goods already had them and they lasted a long time so no need to buy any more
  • Workers lost jobs
  • ‘revenge’ Tariffs on overseas goods so could not sell goods overseas
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11
Q

What were the causes of the Wall Street Crash?

A
  • Lack of Export Market
  • Speculation (over confidence)
  • Uneven distribution of wealth
  • Over production
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12
Q

What were Hoovervilles?

A
  • People who lost their homes slept on park benches or cardboard shacks
  • People relied on soup kitchens + charity hand outs
  • Shanty towns became nicknamed Hoovervilles
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13
Q

Who were Sacco + Vanzetti?

A
  • Italian immigrants who were executed for ‘robbery’
  • Were believed to have committed murder in the past
  • Judge was biased as they were foreign
  • They had radical communist beliefs
  • Became scape goats during the red scare
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14
Q

What evidence was there that there was an economic boom in the 1920s?

A

1920 - $2 million worth of radios purchase
1929 - $600 million worth of radios purchased
1929 - 95 million people a week going to the cinema
Hire purchase increased consumer goods
US industry boomed - customer shares went up

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15
Q

Why could an increasing number of people afford to buy more consumer goods?

A
  • Hire Purchase (borrowing money)
  • Bought shares on the margin (only paying 10%, paying full price from profits)
  • Mass production meant that goods were cheaper
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16
Q

What was the Motor car industry + Henry Ford?

A
  • Henry Ford - owner of Ford Automobile Industry
  • Model T - Henry Ford’s most famous car, only available in black - $295
  • Employees were paid $5
  • A new car was produced every 10 seconds
  • 10 million cars sold by 1924
  • Trade unions banned from Henry Ford’s factories
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17
Q

What was an assembly line?

A

A system of production where the product came to the worker.

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18
Q

What was mass production?

A

Making products in large quantities using the assembly line. This made goods cheaper and more affordable.

19
Q

Who were the most famous actors at this time? How did their behaviour concern conservative Americans?

A 
Gloria Swanson
•Married + divorced 4 times
•Has several abortions
•Obsessed with money
•Vain

Rudolph Valentino
•Vain
•People thought he was gay
•Divorced

Clara Bow
•Liked to go out and party
•Affairs
•Divorced
•Red hair
•Red animals
•Outfits
Charlie Chaplin
•Left wing views
•Divorced
•Affairs
•Communist
20
Q

What was entertainment like in the 1920s?

A 
Sport
•Baseball became a big money sport
•Sports stars like
Jack Dempsey - Boxing
Babe Ruth - Baseball
Bobby Jones - Golf
Music + Dance
•Jazz music + Jazz stars like
Louis Armstrong
Duke Ellington
Bessie Smith
•New dance crazes like the Black Bottom and Charleston
•Cotton Club in NY
Radio
•1922 - 508 radio stations
•Music was played on radio
•Sales of records fell as radio listening increased 
•1926 - First national network on air

Cinema
•Hays Code set rules on what could be shown on screen e.g length of kisses
•Audience figures doubled 100 million cinema tickets sold per week
•1927 - Talkies were introduced (Jazz Singer was like 1st talkie)

21
Q

What was it like for women in 1920s America?

A

Flappers
•Party girls
•Short skirts
•Bobbed hair

1920 - women were given the right to vote

Financial independence

More contraception, birth rate reduced from 3.6 in 1900 to 2.5 + divorce rate rose to 166 per 1000 marriages

Vacuum cleaners + washing machines helped women
•WWI - women took o men’s jobs and were treated more equally

BUT
•most women in rural areas still poor, not flappers, still a home looking after their families

22
Q

What was the order of the US presidents?

A 
Hoover
Roosevelt (FDR)
Truman
Eisenhower
Kennedy (assassinated)
Johnson
Nixon
23
Q

What was the Johnson -Reid Act and why was it put in place?

A

By 1920 concern was growing at the number of recently arrived immigrants, particularly in the cities. Congress passed the 1924 Johnson-Reid Act which fixed a quote of 150,000 immigrants P.a - with almost all of them being from Europe, Asian immigration was halted completely.

24
Q

What was the Red Scare?

A

Americans begin to feat that immigrants might bright communist ideas with them. Following strikes in 1919, several thousand suspected communists were arrested and some were even deported. Anti-communist hysteria swept the country- the Red Scare.

25
Q

What was it like for black citizens in American in the 1920s?

A

Jim Crow laws ensures that blacks lived in separate areas and went to separate schools. In the south black sharecroppers suffered badly during the 1920s and in the north they of then lived in the poorest housing and had the worst jobs.

26
Q

What was the KKK like in the 1920s?

A

By 1925 the KKK had reached a record membership of 5 million, largely due to increases in immigration. The KKK’a targets included blacks, Catholics, foreigners, Jews, homosexuals and liberals. The KKK were involved in the lunching of blacks in the 1920s.

27
Q

What was the Scopes Trial?

A

Johnny Scopes was arreste in 1925 in Tennessee for teaching evolution, as opposed to creation. The ‘Monkey-Trial’ led to Scopes’ being fined $100, although the Tennessee Supreme Court overturned the verdict and the law was never used again.

28
Q

Which industries did not prosper from the boom and why?

A

Coal mining suffered as greater use of electricity and oil for heating meant that demand for coal fell.

There was also competition in textiles industry from new innovations such as nylon which means there was less demand for traditional materials.

28
Q

Why did farmers not share in the prosperity?

A

American maters produced more that the country could eat or use. High export tariffs made it difficult to sell the surplus overseas. Price collapsed and farmers’ incomes were cut.

29
Q

Why was prohibition introduced and why did it fail?

A

Prohibition was introduced because:
•National mood
-When America entered the war in 1917 the national mood also turned against drinking alcohol. The Anti-Saloon League argued that drinking alcohol was damaging American society.
•Practical
-A ban on alcohol would boost supplies of important grains such as barley.
•Religious
-The consumption of alcohol went against God’s will.
•Moral
-Many agreed that it was wrong for some Americans to enjoy alcohol while the country’s young men were at war.

30
Q

What was the Emergency Banking Relief Act and what did it do?

A

An act that closed all banks for 4 days for investigation and bank investment in the stock market. Reopened 5,000 trustworthy banks. This restored public confidence in ba now and got people borrowing/trading again.

31
Q

What was the AAA and what did it do?

A

The Agricultural Adjustment Act was designed to help farmers. It paid farmers to destroy their products and helped them to modernise and use farming methods that would help protect the soil. It set quotas to reduce farm production in order to force prices upwards.

32
Q

What was the CCC and FERA?

A

CCC:
•provided word for 2.5 million young Americans (although only 8000 women).
•They were paid to work in the countryside clearing and mending. They worked for 6 months and had to send most of their money home.
•Created useful projects - strengthened river banks, fish farming, fighting forest fires.
•$500 million was spent on charities and soup kitchens, blankets, unemployment schemes

FERA:
•gave immediate financial relief to the poorest victims

33
Q

What did the NIRA consist of?

A

NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) set up:

The National Recovery Administration (NRA):
•Blue eagle scheme which set fair wages an working conditions + outlawed child labour. Supports could display a badge to show their patriotic spirit.

Public Works Administration (PWA):
•offered job through building programs

The idea was to stimulate the economy by giving workers money to spend, without overproducing and causing a slump.

34
Q

What was the HOLC + what did it do?

A

Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) gave low interest loans to home owners so they could adjust mortgage repayments to cope with temporary unemployment. This gave homeowners time to find money to repay mortgages instead of being evicted and meant banks could recover their loans.

35
Q

What was the TVA + what did it do?

A

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) built a series of dams on Tennessee river making it possible to irrigate the dried-out lands. Also provided electricity for the area. It create thousands of jobs in a part of USA that had been hit badly by the depression.

36
Q

What and how was prohibition ended?

A
  • The Beer Act of March 1933 legalised manufacture and sale of beer and light wines. 21st Amendment to the Constitution finally brought end to prohibition.
  • Legalising alcohol would create jobs, raise tax revenue (from taxes on alcohol) and free up resources tied up in task of informing prohibition.
37
Q

Who won the 1936 election?

A

FDR

38
Q

Who opposed the New Deal and why?

A
  • The Supreme Court, who thought he was doing too much
  • Radical opponents who thought he was doing too little
  • Republicans and businessmen who said that the government had been allowed to interfere too much in US economic life (fixing price, creating jobs, dictating working conditions)
39
Q

Name one of America’s sporting heroes during this decade

A 
Babe Ruth (Baseball)
Jack Dempsey (Boxing)
Bobby Jones (Golf)
40
Q

Give examples of the dance crazes that occurred during the 1920s

A

The Charleston and the Black Bottom

41
Q

What date was the Wall St Crash?

A

Tuesday 29th October 19290

42
Q

What were the results of the 1932 election?

A

FDR received 22.8 million votes compared to Hover’s 15.8 millIon.
42/48 states chose FDR

43
Q

When did Roosevelt become US president?

A

March 4th 1933

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