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[lec] CommHealth > (1) UNIT 1.2: History > Flashcards

(1) UNIT 1.2: History Flashcards

1
Q

When was the great sanitary awakening?

A

19th century

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2
Q

Central component of the 19th century social reforms and advancement in public health

A

Identification of filth as both a cause of disease and a vehicle of transmission

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3
Q

____ came to seen as an indicator of poor social environmental conditions as well as poor moral and spiritual conditions

A

Illness

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4
Q

___ was embraced as a path both to physical and moral health

A

Cleanliness

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5
Q

Disease control shifted from reacting intermittent outbreaks to ___

A

Continuing measures for prevention

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6
Q

With __, public health became a societal goal and protecting health became a public activity

A

Sanitation

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7
Q

____ is one of the most recognized names in the sanitary reform movement

A

Edwin Chadwick

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8
Q

Under his authority, a commission conducted studies of the life and health of the London working class in 1838

A

Edwin Chadwick

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9
Q

A document of the appalling conditions in which masses of the working people were compelled to live, and die, in the industrial towns and rural areas of UK

A

General Report on the Sanitary Conditions

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10
Q

Chadwick documented that the average age at death for the gentry was ___ years; for the tradesmen, ___ years; and for the laborers, only ___ years

A

36
22
16

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11
Q

The concept of public health in 1880-1920

A

Disease control phase

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12
Q

The concept of public health in 1920-1960

A

Health promotion phase

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13
Q

The concept of public health in 1960-1980

A

Social engineering phase

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14
Q

The concept of public health in 1980 onwards

A

Health for all phase

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15
Q

The phase where sanitary legislation and sanitary reforms were done

A

Disease Control Phase

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16
Q

Identify the phase:

Less available technical knowledge

A

Disease Control Phase

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17
Q

Identify the phase:

Aimed at the control of man’s physical environment (water supply sewage disposal) & not at the control of any specific disease

A

Disease Control Phase

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18
Q

Identify the phase:

Improvement in the health of people due to disease and death and control

A

Disease Control Phase

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19
Q

Identify the phase:

In addition to disease control activities one more goals were added to public health

A

Health Promotion Phase

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20
Q

Identify the phase:

Initiated as personal health services

A

Health Promotion Phase

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21
Q

The health promotion phase initiated personal health services such as:

A

-Introduction of mother & child health services
-Industrial health services
-Mental health services
-Rehabilitation services

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22
Q

Two great movements initiated for human development during the health promotional phase

A

a. Provision of basic health services through the medium, of PHCs and sb-centers
b. Community development program to promote village development through active participation of whole community

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23
Q

Identify the phase:

Change in pattern of disease

A

Social Engineering Phase

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24
Q

Identify the phase:

Moved towards preventive and rehabilitative aspects of chronic disease and behavioral problems

A

Social Engineering Phase

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25
Q

Identify the phase:

Health gap between the rich and poor, within and between countries

A

Health For All Phase

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26
Q

Identify the phase:

Include provision of health care to all by reducing the inequalities within & between the population so that individual will lead to socially and economically productive life

A

Health For All Phase

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27
Q

A new concept of Public Health

A

Modern Public Health

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28
Q

Defined as the organized application of local, state, national 7 international resources to achieve health for all

A

Modern Public Health

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29
Q

The dramatic increase in average span of life is credited to public health achievement such as vaccination programs, control of infectious diseases, better safety policy, improved reproductive health, emphasis on safe drinking water

A

20th century (Modern Public Health)

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30
Q

Focused on shifting towards chronic diseases such as cancer, AIDS, diabetes, and heart diseases

A

Modern Public Health

31
Q

Focus of public health before the health people report in 1979

A

Environment and agent

32
Q

Focus of public health after the health people report in 1979

A

Individual behaviors

33
Q

Distribution of public health before the health people report in 1979

A

Epidemic

34
Q

Distribution of public health after the health people report in 1979

A

Endemic

35
Q

The continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice

A

Surveillance

36
Q

An intestinal disease which has been rampant during the early 1800s in London

A

Cholera

37
Q

Cholera was initially thought to be cased by ___

A

Bad air from rotting organic matter

38
Q

Best known for his work tracing the source of the cholera outbreak

A

John Snow

39
Q

Father of modern epidemiology

A

John Snow

40
Q

When was the cholera outbreak?

A

1854

41
Q

Symbol of cholera outbreak

A

Broad Street Pump

42
Q

John Snow’s research convinced the British government that the source of Cholera was ___

A

Water contaminated with sewage

43
Q

When did the Greek and Roman civilizations introduced sanitation measures and practices

A

500 BCE

44
Q

Claimed one-third of Europe’s population on 1346-1352

A

Black Death

45
Q

Bubonic plague is a bacterial disease caused by ___ and was thought to be an epidemic of ___

A

Yersinia pestis
Black death

46
Q

Yersinia pestis was a weapon of was during ___

A

Siege of Kaffa

47
Q

During the early 1700s, the inoculation of smallpox is brought to Britain by ___

A

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

48
Q

In ___, vaccination by ___ was introduced and advocated the inoculation of cowpox pustules

A

1798
Edward Jenner

49
Q

In 1830s, ___ was convinced that the main cause of illness was the dirty conditions that the poorest members of the society were living in

A

Edwin Chadwick

50
Q

The ___ stemmed from Chadwick’s research on the health concerns in London

A

Public Health Act of 1848

51
Q

Innovated several key epidemiologic methods that remain valid and in use today

A

John Snow (1854)

52
Q

He mapped the disease pattern of cholera epidemic in London

A

John Snow

53
Q

A physician who pioneered the quantitative study of morbidity and mortality, helping establish the field of medical statistics

A

William Farr British

53
Q

Disease incidence

A

Morbidity

54
Q

Number of death

A

Mortality

55
Q

His experiments led to the discovery of artificial immunity: rabies, anthrax, cholera

A

Louis Pasteur (1870s)

56
Q

Used data such as census reports to study occupational mortality in England

A

William Farr

57
Q

William Farr was recommended for the post of “___” at the General Register Office of England and Wales

A

Compiler of Abstracts

58
Q

A German physician who had verified that the human disease was caused by a specific living disease

A

Robert Koch

59
Q

First to isolate Bacillus anthracis and Vibrio cholerae

A

Robert Koch

60
Q

Most notable contribution of Robert Koch in 1882

A

Discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

61
Q

Koch’s 4 postulates to demonstrate the association of disease and a microorganism

A
  1. The organism must be observed in every case of disease
  2. It must be isolated and grown in pure culture
  3. The pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease
  4. The organism must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimental animal
62
Q

When was the Pandemic Influenza?

A

1918

63
Q

Known to cause 50 to 100 million fatalities worldwide

A

Spanish Influenza/Pandemic Influenza

64
Q

Discovered the antimicrobial properties of the mould Penicillium notatum, the first antibiotic penicillin

A

Alexander Flemming (1928)

65
Q

Penicillium notatum is now ____

A

Penicillium chrysogenum

66
Q

The first polio vaccine was developed in ___ by ___, which is an inactivated ____ or ____

A

1950s
Jonas Salk
Poliovirus vaccine (IPV)
Salk Vaccine

67
Q

The second polio vaccine was developed in ___ by ___ and was known as ___ or ___

A

1960s
Albert Sabin
Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)
Sabin Vaccine

68
Q

OPV and IPV discoveries led to the launching of eradication initiatives in ___

A

1988

69
Q

In 1960s, highly effective surveillance and vaccination programs against ___ were initiated

A

Smallpox

70
Q

The last known naturally acquired case of smallpox was reported in ___ in ___

A

1977
Somalia

71
Q

In ___, the epidemic intelligence service started; ___ was hired by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the first Epidemiologist

A

1949
Alexander Langmuir

72
Q

In ___, the US Surgeon General released smoking and health which stated the linkages of smoking to disabling and datal diseases

A

1964

[lec] CommHealth (7 decks)

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