(1) UNIT 1.2: History

Question 1

When was the great sanitary awakening?

Answer 1

19th century

Question 2

Central component of the 19th century social reforms and advancement in public health

Answer 2

Identification of filth as both a cause of disease and a vehicle of transmission

Question 3

____ came to seen as an indicator of poor social environmental conditions as well as poor moral and spiritual conditions

Answer 3

Illness

Question 4

___ was embraced as a path both to physical and moral health

Answer 4

Cleanliness

Question 5

Disease control shifted from reacting intermittent outbreaks to ___

Answer 5

Continuing measures for prevention

Question 6

With __, public health became a societal goal and protecting health became a public activity

Answer 6

Sanitation

Question 7

____ is one of the most recognized names in the sanitary reform movement

Answer 7

Edwin Chadwick

Question 8

Under his authority, a commission conducted studies of the life and health of the London working class in 1838

Answer 8

Edwin Chadwick

Question 9

A document of the appalling conditions in which masses of the working people were compelled to live, and die, in the industrial towns and rural areas of UK

Answer 9

General Report on the Sanitary Conditions

Question 10

Chadwick documented that the average age at death for the gentry was ___ years; for the tradesmen, ___ years; and for the laborers, only ___ years

Answer 10

36
22
16

Question 11

The concept of public health in 1880-1920

Answer 11

Disease control phase

Question 12

The concept of public health in 1920-1960

Answer 12

Health promotion phase

Question 13

The concept of public health in 1960-1980

Answer 13

Social engineering phase

Question 14

The concept of public health in 1980 onwards

Answer 14

Health for all phase

Question 15

The phase where sanitary legislation and sanitary reforms were done

Answer 15

Disease Control Phase

Question 16

Identify the phase:

Less available technical knowledge

Answer 16

Disease Control Phase

Question 17

Identify the phase:

Aimed at the control of man’s physical environment (water supply sewage disposal) & not at the control of any specific disease

Answer 17

Disease Control Phase

Question 18

Identify the phase:

Improvement in the health of people due to disease and death and control

Answer 18

Disease Control Phase

Question 19

Identify the phase:

In addition to disease control activities one more goals were added to public health

Answer 19

Health Promotion Phase

Question 20

Identify the phase:

Initiated as personal health services

Answer 20

Health Promotion Phase

Question 21

The health promotion phase initiated personal health services such as:

Answer 21

-Introduction of mother & child health services
-Industrial health services
-Mental health services
-Rehabilitation services

Question 22

Two great movements initiated for human development during the health promotional phase

Answer 22

a. Provision of basic health services through the medium, of PHCs and sb-centers
b. Community development program to promote village development through active participation of whole community

Question 23

Identify the phase:

Change in pattern of disease

Answer 23

Social Engineering Phase

Question 24

Identify the phase:

Moved towards preventive and rehabilitative aspects of chronic disease and behavioral problems

Answer 24

Social Engineering Phase

Question 25

Identify the phase: Health gap between the rich and poor, within and between countries

Answer 25

Health For All Phase

Question 26

Identify the phase: Include provision of health care to all by reducing the inequalities within & between the population so that individual will lead to socially and economically productive life

Answer 26

Health For All Phase

Question 27

A new concept of Public Health

Answer 27

Modern Public Health

Question 28

Defined as the organized application of local, state, national 7 international resources to achieve health for all

Answer 28

Modern Public Health

Question 29

The dramatic increase in average span of life is credited to public health achievement such as vaccination programs, control of infectious diseases, better safety policy, improved reproductive health, emphasis on safe drinking water

Answer 29

20th century (Modern Public Health)

Question 30

Focused on shifting towards chronic diseases such as cancer, AIDS, diabetes, and heart diseases

Answer 30

Modern Public Health

Question 31

Focus of public health before the health people report in 1979

Answer 31

Environment and agent

Question 32

Focus of public health after the health people report in 1979

Answer 32

Individual behaviors

Question 33

Distribution of public health before the health people report in 1979

Answer 33

Epidemic

Question 34

Distribution of public health after the health people report in 1979

Answer 34

Endemic

Question 35

The continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice

Answer 35

Surveillance

Question 36

An intestinal disease which has been rampant during the early 1800s in London

Answer 36

Cholera

Question 37

Cholera was initially thought to be cased by ___

Answer 37

Bad air from rotting organic matter

Question 38

Best known for his work tracing the source of the cholera outbreak

Answer 38

John Snow

Question 39

Father of modern epidemiology

Answer 39

John Snow

Question 40

When was the cholera outbreak?

Answer 40

1854

Question 41

Symbol of cholera outbreak

Answer 41

Broad Street Pump

Question 42

John Snow's research convinced the British government that the source of Cholera was ___

Answer 42

Water contaminated with sewage

Question 43

When did the Greek and Roman civilizations introduced sanitation measures and practices

Answer 43

500 BCE

Question 44

Claimed one-third of Europe's population on 1346-1352

Answer 44

Black Death

Question 45

Bubonic plague is a bacterial disease caused by ___ and was thought to be an epidemic of ___

Answer 45

Yersinia pestis Black death

Question 46

Yersinia pestis was a weapon of was during ___

Answer 46

Siege of Kaffa

Question 47

During the early 1700s, the inoculation of smallpox is brought to Britain by ___

Answer 47

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Question 48

In ___, vaccination by ___ was introduced and advocated the inoculation of cowpox pustules

Answer 48

1798 Edward Jenner

Question 49

In 1830s, ___ was convinced that the main cause of illness was the dirty conditions that the poorest members of the society were living in

Answer 49

Edwin Chadwick

Question 50

The ___ stemmed from Chadwick's research on the health concerns in London

Answer 50

Public Health Act of 1848

Question 51

Innovated several key epidemiologic methods that remain valid and in use today

Answer 51

John Snow (1854)

Question 52

He mapped the disease pattern of cholera epidemic in London

Answer 52

John Snow

Question 53

A physician who pioneered the quantitative study of morbidity and mortality, helping establish the field of medical statistics

Answer 53

William Farr British

Question 53

Disease incidence

Answer 53

Morbidity

Question 54

Number of death

Answer 54

Mortality

Question 55

His experiments led to the discovery of artificial immunity: rabies, anthrax, cholera

Answer 55

Louis Pasteur (1870s)

Question 56

Used data such as census reports to study occupational mortality in England

Answer 56

William Farr

Question 57

William Farr was recommended for the post of "___" at the General Register Office of England and Wales

Answer 57

Compiler of Abstracts

Question 58

A German physician who had verified that the human disease was caused by a specific living disease

Answer 58

Robert Koch

Question 59

First to isolate Bacillus anthracis and Vibrio cholerae

Answer 59

Robert Koch

Question 60

Most notable contribution of Robert Koch in 1882

Answer 60

Discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 61

Koch's 4 postulates to demonstrate the association of disease and a microorganism

Answer 61

1. The organism must be observed in every case of disease 2. It must be isolated and grown in pure culture 3. The pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease 4. The organism must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimental animal

Question 62

When was the Pandemic Influenza?

Answer 62

1918

Question 63

Known to cause 50 to 100 million fatalities worldwide

Answer 63

Spanish Influenza/Pandemic Influenza

Question 64

Discovered the antimicrobial properties of the mould Penicillium notatum, the first antibiotic penicillin

Answer 64

Alexander Flemming (1928)

Question 65

Penicillium notatum is now ____

Answer 65

Penicillium chrysogenum

Question 66

The first polio vaccine was developed in ___ by ___, which is an inactivated ____ or ____

Answer 66

1950s Jonas Salk Poliovirus vaccine (IPV) Salk Vaccine

Question 67

The second polio vaccine was developed in ___ by ___ and was known as ___ or ___

Answer 67

1960s Albert Sabin Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) Sabin Vaccine

Question 68

OPV and IPV discoveries led to the launching of eradication initiatives in ___

Answer 68

1988

Question 69

In 1960s, highly effective surveillance and vaccination programs against ___ were initiated

Answer 69

Smallpox

Question 70

The last known naturally acquired case of smallpox was reported in ___ in ___

Answer 70

1977 Somalia

Question 71

In ___, the epidemic intelligence service started; ___ was hired by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the first Epidemiologist

Answer 71

1949 Alexander Langmuir

Question 72

In ___, the US Surgeon General released smoking and health which stated the linkages of smoking to disabling and datal diseases

Answer 72

1964