1. TYPES OF VARIABLES

Question 1

1. What kind data can we say in this table?

Answer 1

• Qualitative
• Categorical

Question 2

2. What kind of data can we see in this table?

Answer 2

• Numerical
• Quantitative

Question 3

3. Provide labels for number 1-3.

Answer 3

1. Numeric
2. Continuous
3. Discrete

Question 4

4. Provide labels for 4-7.

Answer 4

4. Categorical
5. Normal Categorical
6. Ordered Categorical
7. Binary

Question 5

5. What is Categorical Data based on?

Answer 5

• it is based on a Qualitative Description

Question 6

6. What is Numeric Data based on?

Answer 6

• this describes data of a measurable quantity

Question 7

7. What is Continuous Numeric Data?

Answer 7

• this is when a variable can take any possible value
  within a given range
• EG: Temperature in degrees Celsius
• EG: integers, fractions, etc.

Question 8

8. What is Discrete Numeric Data?

Answer 8

• this is when a variable can take only specific values
  within a given range
• there are gaps in the range of variables

Question 9

9. What is a Typical Discrete Variable?

Answer 9

• it is a count of integers
• EG: a specific number of teeth

Question 10

10. What is Normal Categorical Data?

Answer 10

• this is when a variable is divided into different
  categories
• but these categories do not exist in an ordered way
• EG: the brand of a car

Question 11

11. What is Ordered Categorical Data?

Answer 11

• this is when a variable is divided into different
  categories
• these categories exist in an ordered manner
• these categories are ordered on a scale
• there are unknown gaps between categories due to the
  data not being numerical
• EG: an educational level
  (elementary, high school, university)
  : strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree

Question 12

12. What is Binary Categorical Data?

Answer 12

• this is a categorical variable with only 2 categories
• the categories are affected by a yes or no
• EG: “does this person have a disease”

Question 13

13. Provide labels for 1-3.

Answer 13

1. Numeric
2. Interval Scale
3. Ratio Scale

Question 14

14. Provide labels for 4-6.

Answer 14

4. Categorical
5. Nominal Scale
6. Ordinal Scale

Question 15

15. What is Interval Scale Data?

Answer 15

• this is very similar to Continuous Data
• except there is no need for an absolute zero
• this includes a variable whose values are graded in
  equal increments

EG:
- the distance from one value to the next is equal along
the whole range of values
- such as Temperature in Celsius
- 0 degrees Celsius is the freezing point of water
- water and heat are still present at this point

WHEREAS:
- 0 degrees Kelvin is the truest zero
- this is the complete absence of heat

Question 16

16. What is Ratio Scale Data?

Answer 16

• this is the same as the interval scale
• except there is a true zero that exists
• this means that there is a true absence of quantity

Question 17

17. What is Nominal Scale Categorical Data?

Answer 17

• this is when a variable is divided into different
  categories
• these categories do not exist in an ordered way
• EG: a person’s country of origin

Question 18

18. What is Ordinal Scale Categorical Data?

Answer 18

• this is when a variable is divided into different
  categories
• these categories exist in an ordered manner
• EG: low income, middle income, high income

Question 19

19. What type of variables would you classify Blood Triglycerides as?

Answer 19

• Numeric
• Continuous (Ratio Scale)

Question 20

20. What type of variables would you classify Dietary Patterns (very healthy, moderately healthy, unhealthy) as?

Answer 20

• Categorical
• Ordered (Ordinal Scale)

Question 21

21. What type of variables would you classify the Cyprus District (Nicosia, Limassol, Larnaca, Paphos) as?

Answer 21

• Categorical
• Normal (Nominal Scale)

Question 22

22. What type of variables would you classify the number of asthma attacked per month as?

Answer 22

• Numeric
• Discrete (Ratio Scale)

Question 23

23. What can be said about Actual (Absolute) Numbers?

Answer 23

• they are rarely informative
• they do not aid to comparisons in general
• they may be misleading

Question 24

24. What is missing with these two data examples?

Answer 24

• there are no proportions or parameters
• we are missing the total population of both countries

Question 25

25. What is one manner in which we can present Categorical Variables?

Answer 25

- we can count the number of data values in each category - we can organise these counts into a frequency table - this table displays the numbers and the proportions for each category

Question 26

26. What are two types of graphs we can use to present categorical data?

Answer 26

1. Bar Charts 2. Pie Charts

Question 27

27. What is a Bar Chart?

Answer 27

- it is a graph that displays the distribution of a categorical variable - it shows the counts for one category next to the other category - this allows for easy comparison THE BARS: - have the same widths - they have equal spaces between the bars

Question 28

28. What kind of graph is this an example of?

Answer 28

- a clustered Bar Chart

Question 29

29. What are Pie Charts?

Answer 29

- these are charts that show the total population (sample size) as a circle - the circle is sliced into pieces - the size of the piece is proportional to the fraction of the whole in each category

Question 30

30. What is a single, central and typical value for a given data variable that other values cluster around?

Answer 30

- this is the centre (location) of distribution - this is known as the Measures of Central Tendency

Question 31

31. What are the 3 Measures of Central Tendency?

Answer 31

1. Mean 2. Median 3. Mode

Question 32

32. What is the extent of the spread of the values of a given data variable?

Answer 32

- these are known as the Measures of Dispersion - the values of the data variable are dispersed with respect to the Central value of the distribution

Question 33

33. What are the 3 Measures of Distribution?

Answer 33

1. Variance 2. Standard Deviation 3. Interquartile Range

Question 34

34. Does this diagram make sense?

Answer 34

- yes

Question 35

35. Does this diagram make sense?

Answer 35

- yes