1: Tumor nomenclature and history of cancer

Question 1

what is a Neoplasm?

Answer 1

abnormal and extensive autonomous growth of tissue

Question 2

features beneigh Tumor ?

Answer 2

• no invasion in surrounding tissue
• well differentiate → looks like tissue of origin but more crowded
• Disappears after resection
• usually no fatal outcome

Question 3

when are bereign tumors fatal?

Answer 3

• Anatomical position → brain
• Excess hormone production → to much insulin

Question 4

features malignant tumor?

Answer 4

• does not resemble tissue of origin
• invasive growth
• Metastasis
• Can regrow after resection
• fatal outcome

Question 5

what is the Histelogical diagnosis of malignancy?

Answer 5

• high degree of cellular atypia (anaplasia)
• high mitesis activity
• Disorganized growth pattern
• invasion surrounding tissue
• Metastasis

Question 6

the 2 basic components of tumors?

Answer 6

• Parenchyma → transformed or Neoplastic cells
• Host deprived non-reoplastic stroma → connective tissue blood vessels and inflammatory cells

Question 7

what determines parenchyma in a tumor ?

Answer 7

The behaviour of the tumor

Question 8

why is host deprives non-neoplastic stroma crucial for a tumor?

Answer 8

for the growth of the tumor

Question 9

how gets cancer its name?

Answer 9

location where cancer originated - even when Metastazized

Question 10

when has cancer an Epithelial origin?

Answer 10

• from ectoderm → epidermis, glands on skin
• from endoderm → epithelial lining digestive tract, liver paren chyma, raspatory tract, lungs, bladder and urethra and glands

Question 11

when has cancer a Mesenchymal origin?

Answer 11

from Mesoderm : bone, muscle, fat and cartilage

Question 12

afkorting: Mesenchymal Beneign?

Answer 12

• oma ex.→ fibroma

Question 13

afkorting: Mesenchymal Malignant?

Answer 13

-Sarcoma ex. → liposarcoma

Question 14

afkorting: surface epithelium beneign ?

Answer 14

papillona

Question 15

afkorting: surface epithelium Malignant?

Answer 15

carcinoma (squamous cell)

Question 16

afkorting: glandular epithelium beneign?

Answer 16

adenoma

Question 17

afkorting: glandular epithelium malignant?

Answer 17

adenocarcinoma

Question 18

Why are carcinoma’s most common?

Answer 18

• Exposed to the outside most → chemicals, sun / uv light etc.
• divide most So more faults can be made

Question 19

Why is angiogenesis important for tomar growth?

Answer 19

core of tumor is hypoxia ( no oxygen)

Question 20

what is VGEF?

Answer 20

Angiogenic factor to induce new blood Vessels / Capillaries

Question 21

Which factors. are last during EMT?

Answer 21

Snail and twist

Question 22

What proteins are downregulated during EMT

Answer 22

anti-proliferation proteins P16 ( ink 4a), P21 (cip1), ZEB1 and Twist

Question 23

path of metastasis of carcinoma?

Answer 23

not through basement Membrane → undergo EMT, release enzymes to go through basement niembrane → Metastasis through blood or lymphatic vessels

Question 24

spreading of malignant tumors possibility s?

Answer 24

• local invasion
• lymphatic spread
• blood-borne spread
• spreading true body cavaties

Question 25

stage 0 off carcinoma?

Answer 25

not yet tumor

Question 26

stage 1 -3 of carcinoma?

Answer 26

for the size of the tumor

Question 27

stage 4 of carcinoma?

Answer 27

size and spread of tomer

Question 28

how does the TNM staging model of carcinoma work?

Answer 28

• T = tumor Size → diameter of in grouth (1-4)
• N= node → amount and place from lymfenode Metastasis (0-2)
• M = Metastassen → uitzaaiing at distance of the tomer in differen organs … (0-1)

Question 29

how can you analyse Breast cancer?

Answer 29

• Monogram → irregular dense mass is seen
• Mastectomy → irregular white firm mass in the centre
• photomicrograph→ ir regular cords and nests of invasive doetal carcinoma invading stroma

Question 30

molecular tumor dignostics?

Answer 30

• Immune staining
• fluorescent in site hybridization

Question 31

tapes of cancer therapy?

Answer 31

• Surgery
• radio therapy
• chemotherapy
• hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC)
• photodynamic therapy
• Targeted therapies

Question 32

radio therapy disadvantage?

Answer 32

killing cells on a log scale → always some left

Question 33

Chemotherapy

Answer 33

kill cells by impairing proliferation feature → cytotoxic drugs
cells can hide from it

Question 34

HIPEC

Answer 34

Surgically removal and then local chemotherapy flush → abdomen

Question 35

photodynamic therapy

Answer 35

using light to elicit cell death

Question 36

Targeted Therapy

Answer 36

• immune therapy
• interference with molecules essential for tumor growth
• retargeting T- cells
• gene therapy → most experimental