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DipWSET - D1 - Wine Production > 1 - THE VINE > Flashcards

1 - THE VINE Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Vitis Vinifera native to?

A

Eurasia

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2
Q

What are the four most important American vine species used for rootstocks?

A

Labrusca, Riparia, Rupestris, Berlandieri

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3
Q

What are the four sections of the vine?

A
  1. Main shoots
  2. Permanent wood
  3. One-year old wood
  4. Roots
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4
Q

What are the six components of the main shoots (together known as the Canopy)?

A
  1. Stem
  2. Buds
  3. Leaves
  4. Lateral shoots
  5. Tendrils
  6. Inflorescences/bunches
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5
Q

Where do shoots grow from?

A

Last year’s buds

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6
Q

When does a shoot become a cane?

A

When it lignifies in the autumn

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7
Q

What are the three things that shoots do?

A
  1. Transport water and solutes
  2. Store carbohydrates
  3. Support nodes, that grow other structures
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8
Q

What are solutes?

A

Sugars and minerals dissolved in water, transported through shoots to provide energy.

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9
Q

What is the name for the leaf stalk?

A

Petiole

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10
Q

Where do buds form?

A

Between the leaf stalk (petiole) and the stem of the shoot

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11
Q

What are the two kind of buds?

A

Compound and Prompt

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12
Q

What is another name for Compound buds?

A

Latent buds

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13
Q

Describe Compound buds.

A

Form in one season to break open the next season, they contain a Primary bud and Secondary/Tertiary buds in case of damage to the Primary (eg frost damage)

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14
Q

Describe Prompt buds.

A

Form and open in the same year, they grow on main shoots and produce lateral shoots.

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15
Q

What are the two positive and two negative impacts of lateral shoots?

A

Positive:
1. Allow plant to keep growing if the main shoot is damaged
2. Provide more leaves for photosynthesis
Negative:
1. Can over crowd/shade the fruit if too low on the canopy
2. Can produce fruit that takes longer to ripen, leading to uneven ripeness if picked all together.

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16
Q

What is fruit from Lateral shoots called?

A

Second crop

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17
Q

What is green harvesting, and why do it?

A

Removing the second crop (fruit from lateral shoots), which enhances ripening and increases uniformity

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18
Q

What do tendrils do?

A

Support the shoot by attaching to the trellis. Not always enough, ties may be used for canes.

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19
Q

What is the basic process of photosynthesis?

A

Sunlight turns sugars and water into energy, turns carbon dioxide into oxygen.

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20
Q

What are Stomata?

A

Pores on the leaves, allow water out and carbon dioxide in.

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21
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

The process of water being expelled through the leaves, causing more water and nutrients to be drawn up from the soil.

22
Q

What is Evapotranspiration?

A

The sum of transpiration from the leaves and evaporation from the soil.

23
Q

What is Respiration?

A

The process in which energy is released from food substances ie sugar, malic acid.
Requires warmth to occur, which is why cooler regions produce wines with high acidity.

24
Q

What are Inflorescences?

A

Clusters of flowers on a stem that will turn into bunches after fruit set.

25
Q

What are bunches?

A

Fertilised inflorescences, however not all flowers become grapes.

26
Q

What are the five components of a grape/berry?

A
  1. Skin (most aroma compounds and precursors)
  2. Pulp (contains water, sugar, acid, some aroma compounds and precursors, usually colourless)
  3. Seeds (contain oil, tannin and an embryo)
  4. Bloom (dust on skin)
  5. Stem (attaches to vine)
27
Q

What is one-year old wood?

A

Main shoots from last season kept at winter pruning. They contain the compound buds from last season that will produce shoots for the coming season.

28
Q

What is permanent wood, and what does it do for the vine?

A

Woody parts of the vine that are older than one year (trunk, cordon). They are the support system for the vine above ground and transport water and solutes to and from the vine.

29
Q

What are the four main functions of the roots?

A
  1. Support system below ground, anchoring the vine
  2. Transport water and nutrients.
  3. Store carbohydrates
  4. Produce hormones
30
Q

At what depth is the majority of the root system?

A

In the top 50cm of soil.

31
Q

What are the four main things that affect root distribution/direction?

A
  1. Soil properties/type of soil
  2. Irrigation
  3. Cultivation (planting density)
  4. Rootstock
32
Q

What are the two methods for vine propagation?

A

Cuttings or Layering

33
Q

What is the most popular method of vine propagation, and what are it’s advantages?

A

Cuttings.

  1. Many can be done at once
  2. Allows for grafting onto rootstocks
  3. Allows diseases to be treated
34
Q

Why are vines not propagated from seeds?

A

Difficult to grow and does not allow for a predictable outcome ie the plant material will usually be very different from that of its parents.

35
Q

What is the process for layering, and what are it’s two positive and two negative effects?

A

Laying down shoots from a neighbouring vine into the earth where it will root.
Positive:
1. Fills in vineyard gaps
2. Cost effective
Negative:
1. Doesn’t allow for using a choice of rootstock
2. No protection from Phylloxera or uniformity of yields.

36
Q

How do different clones occur in nature?

A

There is a chance for cellular mutation at every cell division during plant growth.

37
Q

What are five common mutations that have become characteristics of different clones?

A
  1. Thinner/thicker skins
  2. Difference in bunch size
  3. Difference in grape size
  4. Disease resistance.
  5. Changes to flavour and aroma precursors.
38
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Selection of specific clones for specific attributes that suit the grower. Done in a nursery.

39
Q

What are the two positive and two negative effects of clonal selection?

A

Positive:
1. Large area will produce fruit that is relatively similar making vineyard management simpler
2. Plant material can be tested for viruses at the nursery.
Negative:
1. Can reduce complexity or balance in final wine
2. Can make vineyard more susceptible to disease.

40
Q

Give an example of two Pinot Noir clones and their attributes.

A

115 - small berries, low yields - best for high quality wines
521 - high yields, bigger grapes - best for sparkling.

41
Q

What is another name for Mass Selection, and what is the process for performing it?

A

Selection Massale.
Was practiced before clonal selection in nurseries, now regaining popularity. Vineyard owner takes cuttings from best performing plants in the vineyard after years of monitoring and propagates them.

42
Q

What are the two advantages and two disadvantages of mass selection?

A

Advantages:
1. Increases diversity of plant material which can increase complexity and disease resistance
2. Makes growers plant material unique, which can increase quality and has market appeal
Disadvantages:
1. The time to monitor and select requires skill and can be costly and labour intensive
2. If a parent vine is infected with a disease, it will likely pass it on to the cutting.

43
Q

What is the most common way to grow a new grape variety?

A

From seeds, via cross-fertilisation in a lab.

44
Q

What is cross-fertilisation, and how do we utilise it to create new varieties?

A

When the pollen of one vine is transferred to the stigma of another. Grapes develop and the seeds are planted and grown. The seeds all produce different vines so the desirable ones are selected and propagated.

45
Q

What is the main advantage and disadvantage of cross-fertilisation to create new varieties?

A

Advantage:
- We can develop varieties with certain attributes that suit the needs of the grower
Disadvantage:
- It takes a long time to assess the potential of a new variety, and there are no guarantees on how the new variety will behave

46
Q

What is a crossing? Give an example and the parents.

A

A new vine made from two parents of the same species

Pinotage = Pinot Noir + Cinsault

47
Q

What is a hybrid? Give an example and the parents.

A

A new vine made from two parents of different species

Vidal Blanc = Ugni Blanc + Seibel (American)

48
Q

Give an example of a variety that is thought to be the product of cross-fertilisation in the wild

A

Cabernet Sauvignon = Cabernet Franc + Sauvignon Blanc

49
Q

Give an example of cross-fertilisation in a lab not producing the desirable qualities intended

A

Muller Thurgau = Riesling + Madeliene Royal

Did not become a high yielding version of Riesling as intended.

50
Q

What is the biggest reason we often see new varieties int he market place?

A

Consumer resistence

51
Q

What is the major motivator for the creation of hybrids?

A

To produce varieties with the resistance of American species and the quality of Vitis Vinifera. Has not yet proven to be successful.

DipWSET - D1 - Wine Production (5 decks)

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