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WSET Diploma D1: Wine Production > 1. The Vine > Flashcards

1. The Vine Flashcards

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1
Q

What steps are taken when registering a new grape variety (2)?

A

Potential + long-term value of new grape is assessed over long period of time.

If thought to be commercially valuable, it will be registered in the OIV (International Organization of Vine and Wine)

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2
Q

What is a hybrid?

Give an example:

A

A grape that is the product of crossing two parents of different species.

Vidal Blanc:

Ugni Blanc (V. vinifera) X Rayon d’Or (member of the Seibel family, American parentage)

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3
Q

What is permanent wood?

A

Woody parts of vine that are 1+ years, including trunk and cordons (horizontal arms)

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4
Q

How/why do scientists create new grape varieties (2)?

Explain the creation of Müller-Thurgau (2):

A
  • Cross-fertilization is carried out in a laboratory environment.
  • Aim is to create an offspring that has favorable characteristics of both parent vines.

Müler-Thurgau was created to have fruit quality of Riesling + high yield of Madeleine Royale

Result = v. high yields but not nearly as high quality potential.

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5
Q

How can grape growers deal with a “second crop?”

What is the benefit of this?

How does the harvesting method affect the grape grower’s ability to manage second crops (2)?

A

Green Harvesting

  • Enhances quality and uniformity of ripening of remaining bunches.

HAND HARVESTING: ability to be selective, only harvest main crop and leave second crop or harvest and use for separate wine.

MACHINE HARVESTING: not possible to differentiate, second crop may have an impact on must/finished wine.

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6
Q

What is a ‘second crop’?

Example of a grape that is prone to this?

How does this crop compare to the main crop (2)?

A
  • Grape that form from inflorescences on lateral shoots.
  • Pinot Noir

Second crops:

  • Become bunches later than main crop, therefore they ripen later.
  • If harvested together, 2nd crop = higher acidity, lower potential alc, unripe tannins/flavors/aromas, less color development (red grapes)
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7
Q

What is one-year-old wood?

What is their most important purpose?

A

Main shoots from the last growing season the were kept at pruning.

Supports the compund buds that will break to release the main shoots for the upcoming growing season.

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8
Q

What is Mass Selection or Selection Massale?

A

A technique of vine propogation whereby owners take cuttings from the best-performing vines in their own vineyard(s) and cultivate them.

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9
Q

What is a crossing?

Give 3 examples:

A

A grape that is the product of two parents of same species

Pinotage = Pinot Noir X Cinsault

Cabernet Sauvignon = Sauvignon Blanc X Cabernet Franc

Müller-Thurgau = Riesling X Madeleine Royale

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10
Q

What is the purpose of TENDRILS?

How do they work?

How do grape growers influence them?

A

Tendrils are growths from the stem that support the vine by attaching themselves to pants/trees (in the wild) or tellis wires.

Tendrils curl around trellis wires to keep the canopy in place.

Grape growers do not trust tendrils on their own, so they manually tie shoots/canes to trellising as necessary.

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11
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

A method of vine propogation whereby vines with favourable characteristics are selected by growers for further propagation.

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12
Q

Identify the parts of the vine flower in the picture below (9):

A
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13
Q

How are new grape varieties typically produced (4)?

A

Cross-fertilization: pollen from stamens of one vine is transferred to stigmas of another vine = fertilization.

Grapes develop and seeds are planted+grown.

New vines from seeds will all feature different characteristics from each other (sim. to siblings in a family).

If a new vine has desirable characteristics, it may be propogated by cuttings to create identical vines.

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14
Q

What are the GREEN parts of the vine (7)?

A

Main stem

Leaves

Compund buds

Prompt buds

Lateral shoots

Tendrils

Inflorescence

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15
Q

What are Teinturier grapes?

Where does the term come from?

Give 4 examples:

A

Red grapes that also have red (as opposed to clear) flesh.

The term means “to dye” or “stain” in French.

Alicante Bouschet / Saperavi / Colorino / Rubired

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16
Q

Describe transpiration (2):

A

Water vapor diffuses out of stomata on the underside of leaves.

This causes the vine to draw water up from the soil via the roots and the above-ground parts of the vine.

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17
Q

What are the contents of the grape’s PULP (4), SKIN (3) and SEEDS (2)?

A

PULP: majority of grape’s weight; water, sugars, acids, some aroma compounds+precursors.

SKIN: High concentration of aroma compounds+precursors, tannins, color compounds.

SEEDS: Oils, tannins

18
Q

Why would layering be employed as a method of vine propogation over using cuttings?

A

Used to fill in gaps in a vineyard (e.g. due to death of vine) with neighboring vines.

19
Q

What factors influence the distribution of the main framework of the vine’s roots (4)?

A

Soil properties

Irrigation

Cultivation

Rootstock type

20
Q

What are the main purposes of roots? (4)

A
  1. Anchor vine to the earth.
  2. Uptake of water/nutrients
  3. Storage of carbs
  4. Production of hormones that have important functions within vine growth / ripening.
21
Q

What are bunches?

A

Fertilized inflorescences that have successfully become grapes.

22
Q

What are the pros (3) and cons (2) of Mass Selection?

A

PROS: Cuttings can be taken from several different vines, emphasizing diversity and complexity / only best-performing vines can be selected (high yield, quality, etc.) / vineyard owner’s own specific material is being used, emphasizing uniqueness which can be a marketing asset

CONS: Time, labor and money investment is heavy because vine performance must be monitored and recorded for years / if parent vine is infected by disease (e.g. a virus), it is likely to be passed onto new vines, increasing spread.

23
Q

What are lateral shoots?

How do they compare to the main shoots?

A

Shoots that grow from prompt buds.

Smaller and thinner than main shoots.

24
Q

What are inflorescences?

How many inflorescences usually occur?

A

Cluster of flowers on a stem which become a bunch of grapes at fruit set.

Usually btw/1-3 per shoot, but depends on grape variety.

25
Q

What are prompt buds?

Where do they form and what do they produce?

A

Buds that form and open in same growing season.

They form on the main shoot and produce lateral shoots.

26
Q

What are the pros (3) and cons (4) of Clonal Selection?

A

PROS: Vines are tested to be free from virus infection / particular clones can be selected for desirable properties / vines grow and ripen at the same time, making vineyard management easier.

CONS: Only a limited number of clones may be available / clones might have been chosen for maximizing yields vs quality / uniformity decreases complexity / vines can all be susceptible to the same diseases.

27
Q

What are clones?

A

Grape varieties that are genetically identical but have mutations (sometimes so significant they are classified as new variety, e.g. Pinot Gris and Pinot Blanc are mutations of Pinot Noir)

28
Q

What are grapes a type of?

What 4 main components do they include?

A

Type of berry

Includes: pulp, skin, seeds and bloom.

29
Q

What is the main function of lateral shoots?

Other functions?

Disadvantages?

A

To allow the plant to carry on growing if the tip of the main shoot has been damaged or eaten.

Also provides additional source of leaves for photosynthesis.

Can be undesirable if they grow too near the base of the main shoot because they impede airflow and can shade the fruit too much.

30
Q

What is the stem’s function (3)?

A
  • The stem is the structure to which all the other structures are attached.
  • Transports water/solutes to/from different structures.
  • stores carbs
31
Q

Define photosynthesis (2):

What is the main site of photosynthesis in the vine?

What are the sugars produced from photosynthesis used for?

A

The process by which plants use sunlight energy to produce sugars from CO2 and water.

Carbon Dioxide + Water (with sunlight energy) = Sugar + Oxygen

-the leaves are the main site for photosynthesis.

Sugars are used for growth + metabolism.

32
Q

Give an example of a grape variety with a significant number of different clones, and explain why a winemaker might want to use them for different styles of wine:

A

Pinot Noir.

Dijon Clone 115: low yields of small grapes, high quality red wine production.

Clone 521: high yields of bigger grapes, better suited for sparkling wine production because high levels of tannin/color are not desired for these wines.

33
Q

Where do buds form and what do they become?

A

They form at “nodes”, the little corner between the leaf stalk (aka petiole) and stem.

With maturation, they become green parts of vine (stem, bud, tendrils, leaves, inflorescences.)

34
Q

What forms the cane?

A

When green shoots become woody/rigid (lignify) and turn brown in late summer.

35
Q

What parts make up lateral shoots (5)?

A

Stem / Leaves / Buds / Tendrils / (sometimes) inflorescences

36
Q

What are 4 North American vine species?

A

Vitis Labrusca

Vitis Riparia

Vitis Berlandieri

Vitis Rupestris

37
Q

What is layering?

Why is this method not always suitable?

A

A method of vine propogation whereby a cane is bent down and buried in the ground, with the tip of the cane pointing up out of the ground.

Once roots are established, the cane linking new growth to original is cut.

Layering doesn’t allow for rootstock use i.e vine is unprotected from phylloxera and lacks the qualities that a choice of rootstocks offers.

38
Q

What are compound buds?

What 2 terms are they also known by?

A

Buds that form in one growing season, and open the next (also called latent or dormant buds)

39
Q

What is a cutting?

What are the advantages of using it as a method of vine propogation (3)?

A

Method of propogation whereby a section of a vine shoot is planted then grows as a new plant.

1) many small cuttings can be taken from a vine and propogated at the same time.
2) Easily grafted onto phylloxera-resistant rootstocks,
3) allows nurseries to treat them to avoid spreading disease.

40
Q

Give an example of a grape variety that produces very tight bunches.

Why can this pose a problem?

A

Pinot Noir.

More prone to fungal disease due to damage to the grape skins.

41
Q

What is contained within a compund bud (besides the structures that will become the green parts of the vine) (3)?

What is their purpose?

A

Primary bud (main growing point), smaller secondary and tertiary buds.

Second and tertiary buds will grow if damage has occured to primary bud (e.g. spring frost).

WSET Diploma D1: Wine Production (24 decks)

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