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Semester 3 - reproduction > 1. The Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

1. The Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are 7 parts that the male reproductive system can be split into?

A
  • penis
  • testes and epididymis
  • scrotum
  • spermatic cord
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral glands
  • seminal vesicles
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2
Q

Where are the testis found?

A

testes are suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cords

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3
Q

Where are the male reproductive system found?

A
  • the male reproductive system usually resides within the pelvis
  • some tissues sit outside of the pelvis in the scrotum
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4
Q

Why are the testis found externally?

A

to allow spermatogenesis to occur at the optimum temperature, which is slightly cooler than core body temperature.

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5
Q

Which artery supplies the testes and where does it originate from?

A

Testicular artery which originates directly from the abdominal aorta, below renal arteries

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6
Q

What is the venous drainage of the testes and describe its structure?

A

Pampiniform plexus which surrounds the artery, they form the right and left testicular veins.

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7
Q

Where do the right and left testicular veins drain?

A

Right drains directly into the IVC, left drains into the left renal vein

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8
Q

What is the effect of the pampiniform plexus?

A

is thought to cool blood arriving to the testes further - heat from arteries transferred to cooler veins

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9
Q

Which veins are dilated in varicocoele and what does it feel like upon palpitaion?

A

Testicular veins in the pampiniform plexus, feels like a bag of worms

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10
Q

Which side is varicocoele more common in and why?

A

Left:

  • angle of which left testicular vein enters left renal vein. - horizontally - gravity - pooling of blood
  • lack of effective valves between testicular and renal veins
  • increased reflux from compression of renal vein
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11
Q

What causes varicocoele?

A

If pampiniform plexus obstructed, for example due to renal or intra-abdominal pathology, this can enlarge leading to a varicocoele.

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12
Q

Where is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum and testes to?

A

Scrotum: superficial/deep inguinal lymph nodes
testes: para-aortic lymph nodes

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13
Q

How do the testes descend into the scrotum?

A

They evaginate the abdominal wall as they are pulled through by the gubernaculum, forming spermatic fascia that surrounds the testis and its vessels

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14
Q

How is the inguinal canal formed?

A

In order to descend, the testes took layers of the abdominal wall to form the inguinal canal, a common point of hernias

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15
Q

Hows does the peritoneum form around the testis?

A

When descending from the abdominal cavity during development, the testis also took the peritoneum
with them, which envelopes the testes as the tunica vaginalis

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16
Q

What does the gubernalculum do?

A

connects scrotum to inferior aspect of testis and guides testis down through abdominal wall

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17
Q

What forms the spermatic fascia that surrounds the testes?

A

The layers of the abdominal wall form the spermatic fascia which becomes the wall of the spermatic cord

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18
Q

What are the different layers of the spermatic cord and what are they formed from?

A
  • External spermatic fascia formed from external oblique muscle.
  • Cremasteric fascia/muscle from the internal oblique muscle.
  • Internal spermatic fascia from the trasnversalis fascia.
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19
Q

What is the rule of 3s?

A

Spermatic cord contains 3 arteries, 3 veins, 3 nerves (and vas deferens)

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20
Q

Where are the arteries/veins of within the spermatic cord form?

A
  • Testicular artery and artery to vas deferens deep to the internal spermatic fascia.
  • Cremasteric artery to cremaster muscle between inner 2 layers.
  • Veins with the corresponding artery
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21
Q

Where are the nerves of within the spermatic cord form?

A
  • Sympathetics to vas deep to internal spermatic fascia.
  • Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (cremasteric nerve)between outer 2 layers.
  • Ilioinguinal nerve outside the external spermatic fascia.
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22
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle and what is it innervated by?

A

Regulates height of the testes in the scrotum to maintain right temperature for spermiation. Innervated by genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

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23
Q

What is the cremasteric reflex?

A

Elevation of the testicle after stroking the inner thigh

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24
Q

What condition causes the cremasteric reflex to be absent?

A

torsion of the testicle

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25
Q

What structure directly supports the internal structures of the testes?

A

Tunica albuginea (capsule)

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26
Q

What is hydroceoele?

A

Abnormal collection of fluid within the cavity of tunica vaginalis.

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27
Q

What are seminiferous tubules?

A

key functional units found within compartments in the testis where spermatogenesis occurs

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28
Q

Which cells form the seminiferous tubules and what are they responsible for?

A

two distinct populations of cells,

  • spermatogenic cells, that develop into spermatozoa,
  • Sertoli cells which have a supportive and nutrient function. - support developing sperm by pruning away cytoplasm to make them more streamlined
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29
Q

What type of cells are found in the extracellular tissue of the seminiferous tubules and what are they responsible for?

A

Leydig cells, produce sex hormones - testeosterone

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30
Q

What organelle is in high numbers in leydig cells?

A

SER - active in lipid metabolism

cholesterol -> testosterone

31
Q

describe the structures that the seminiferous tubules drain into

A

SEMINFEROUS TUBULES drain intoRETE TESTIS which drains into EFFERENT DUCTULES which drains into (head of the) EPIDIDYMIS which drains into ductus/vas deferens

32
Q

What occurs in the epididymis?

A

sperm maturation

33
Q

What are the layers of the tunica vaginalis?

A

Parietal
cavity
visceral

34
Q

How is a scrotal swelling assessed to see if it is a hydroceoele?

A

Shine a light through the swelling - transillumination

if hydroceoele, light will pass through

35
Q

which testes is suspended more inferiorly?

A

left

36
Q

What separates the seminiferous tubules into compartments?

A

connective tissue continues with the tunica albuginea

37
Q

Where does the vas deferens travel and what does it join onto? Describe its relation to the ureters.

A

Travels through the spermatic cord and goes into the abdomen where it joins with the ejaculatory duct. Intraabdominally the ureters travel underneath the vas deferens

38
Q

What does the vas deferens join with to form the ejaculatory duct and what is its function?

A

duct of Seminal vesicles, contributes to 65% of the ejaculate as a fructose based alkaline fluid. Provides nutrition for sperm and neutralises acific environment of vagina.

39
Q

Which part of the prostate does the ejactulatory duct and the urethra pass through?

A

ejaculatory duct passes through central zone, uretha passes through transition zone

40
Q

Which part of the prostate does BPH and prostate cancer tend to affect?

A

BPH tends to affect transtional zone (urethra)

Cancer tends to affect peripheral zone

41
Q

How much does the prostate contribute to the ejaculatory fluid and what does it contain?

A

25%, contains proteolytic enzymes, zinc (motility) and is mildly acidic.

42
Q

How much does the bulbourethral gland contribute to the ejaculatory fluid and what is its purpose?

A

Approx. 1%, contains mucoproteins which reduces friction and neutralises acidic urine in distal urethra.

43
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands found?

A

posterolateral to the membranous urethra; ducts open into the spongy urethra

44
Q

Where does the vas deferens and seminal vesicles join to for the ejaculatory duct?

A

prostate gland

45
Q

What are the names of the urethra as it passes through each structure

A

pre prostatic urethra –> prostatic urethra –> membranous urethra –> spongy urethra

46
Q

what are the relations of the vas deferens to ureter and uterine artery in males and females?

A

water under the bridge

  • in males ureter passes under vas
  • in females uterine artery passes under vas
47
Q

which structure contributes the majority of the ejaculatory fluid?

A

Seminal vesicle - 65%

48
Q

Why is it difficult to catheterise a male?

A

bends in urethra - 2

  • straighten penis to straighten first bend
  • apply pressure and slightly pull down to straighten second bend
49
Q

What are the 2 different types of tissue that comprises the penis and which is the main erectile tissue?

A

Corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum (main erectile tissue)

50
Q

what is the function of the penis?

A

– Expulsion of urine via urethra
– Deposition of sperm in female genital tract – Removal of competitors’ sperm?
– Attraction of mates?

51
Q

Where is the tunica albuginea of the penis found and what is its function?

A

Found surrounding each of the corpus cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum. Required to give support to the penis during erection.

52
Q

which tissue of the penis is the urethra found?

A

The corpus spongiosum is the expansile tissue through which the urethra travels. It stays patent for the passage of sperm during ejaculation.

53
Q

What is the organisation of collagen fibres in the tunica albuginea of the penis?

A

Arrganged at right angles to each other, one circumferential and one parallel to the penile long axis

54
Q

What is the blood supply to the penis?

A

Branches of the internal pudendal vessels which is a branch of the internal iliac artery

55
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

Twisting of the spermatic cord resulting occlusion of venous drainage which increases capillary pressure and compresses arteries resulting in loss of blood supply and nerve function to the testicle.

56
Q

Why is testicular torsion a medical emergency?

A

Blood supply occluded, could lead to infarction and death of the testis. Subsequent atrophy, infection and cosmetic deformity

57
Q

Which part of the prostate is readily palpable during a DRE?

A

Peripheral zone

58
Q

Enlargement of which part of the prostate causes urethral obstruction?

A

Transitional zone

59
Q

How does erection occur and what part of the nervous system is responsible foe this?

A

Vasodilation of penile arterioles and compression of veins. Initiated by parasympathetic stimulation which inhibits sympathetics

60
Q

What causes erection to terminate and what part of the nervous system is responsible for this?

A

Vasoconstriction, by sympathetic system.

61
Q

What part of the nervous system is responsible for ejaculation?

A

Primarily the sympathetic

Point and Shoot

62
Q

how is the penis anchored to bone

A

via the suspensory ligaments

corpus cavernous are attached to bone to help anchor the penis.

63
Q

what is the dartos muscle?

A

Thedartosmuscle is a sheet of smooth muscle, situated immediately underneath the skin of the scrotum. It acts to help regulate the temperature of the scrotum.

64
Q

what is the blood supply to the scrotum?

A

The scrotumreceivesarterial supply from theanteriorandposterior scrotal arteries. The anterior scrotal artery arises from the external pudendal artery, while the posterior is derived from the internal pudendal artery.

65
Q

what are the veins of the scrotum?

A

Thescrotal veinsfollow the major arteries, draining into the external pudendal veins.

66
Q

what is epididymitis?

A

inflammation of the epididymis, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection

67
Q

what is varicocele?

A

gross dilation of the veins draining the testes

68
Q

what is Haematocoele

A

a collection of blood in the tunica vaginalis.

69
Q

what is Inguinal hernia

A

where the contents of the abdominal cavity protrude into the scrotum

70
Q

Which anatomical space does the spermatic cord travel through?

A

inguinal canal

71
Q

what do the contents released by seminal vesicle contain and what is their function?

A

Alkaline fluid - neutralises the acidity of the male urethra and vagina in order to facilitate the survival of spermatozoa.

Fructose- provides an energy source for spermatozoa.

Prostaglandins - have a role in suppressing the female immune response to foreign semen

Clotting factors- designed to keep semen in the female reproductive tract post-ejaculation

72
Q

what is the main role of prostate?

A

produce proteolytic enzymes

73
Q

what is the function of bulbourethral glands?

A

During sexual arousal, the bulbourethral glands produce a mucus secretion containingglycoproteins. This substance has three main purposes:

Serves as lubrication medium for the urethra and the tip of the penis.

Expels any residue of urine, dead cells or mucous through the urethral meatus, preparing a clean and lubricated pathway for ejaculation.

Helps to neutralise residual acidity in the male urethra (secretions are alkaline).

74
Q

what part of the urethra do the bulbourethral glands drain into?

A

spongy

Semester 3 - reproduction (19 decks)

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