1 - The Global Economy Flashcards
Causes of growth in trade flows?
- reduced government protection
- emergence of WTO
- trade blocs and agreements
- transportation
- telecommunication
- reduction in man made and natural barriers
What is globalisation?
Integration between different countries and economies and the increased impact of international influences on all aspects of life and economic activity
Effects of globalisation on trade flows?
- economic and social conditions have changed composition;
Agricultural trade less important; minerals & services increased - resource boom
- between 1995 and 2009, advanced economies gradually declined in total share of world trade (83% to 69%)
- East Asian and pacific region countries such as China experienced rapid increase in global trade (7% to 14%)
- trade blocs encouraging trade
Globalisation has lead to a removal of which 5 barriers?
- trade flows
- financial flows
- investment flows
- technology
- labour flows
Causes of growth in financial flows?
- deregulation of financial markets > reductions in limits on bank lending and international capital movements or flexible exchange rates
- technological improvements allowed electronic transaction settlement and computerised record keeping
- foreign exchange markets to facilitate global finance flows
Main benefit of greater global financial flows?
Enables countries to obtain funds used to achieve higher levels of domestic investment > economic growth
Negative impact of speculators?
Speculators act with herd mentality (lack of individual decision making) > establish upward or downward trends in asset prices causing volatility (eg. blamed for crises East Asia 1997, GFC 2009)
Portfolio investment
Bonds, derivatives, shares worth <10% of company
Foreign direct investment?
Movement of funds for establishing new company, or buying substantial shares (>10%) in a company
How has direction of FDI flows changed?
Traditionally favoured developed nations (greater industrial capacity & larger consumer markets) in 1990s and most 2000s –> now favouring developing economies due to capital to grow
Transnational corporations?
Global companies dominating global and factor markets with facilities in 2 or more countries
Advantages of TNCs?
Boots trade, Eco growth and make countries more dependent on each other due to bringing foreign investment, new technologies, skills and knowledge
Why do gov. Encourage TNCs to set up?
Bring capital and job opportunities
What has led to the growth of TNCs?
Financial deregulation, capital flows, removal of trade barriers, government encouragement, advances in tech, decreased transport costs
What type of economies are TNCs attracted to?
Emerging economies
What has technological improvements led to?
- reduced cost of communication and trading
- technological developments such as freight tech (containerisation, high speed broadband, financial markets)
- Internet
- greater communication > reduced business costs