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MCAT Bio > 1 - The Cell > Flashcards

1 - The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

4 tenets of cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells
Cells only come from preexisting cells
Cell is the basic functional unit of life
Genetic material (DNA) is passed on from parent to daughter cell

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2
Q

Function of cytosol

A

Diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

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3
Q

What is in nucleus

A

DNA

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4
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Synthesize ribosomal RNA

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5
Q

Function of nuclear membrane

A

2 layer membrane that separates nucleus from cytoplasm

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6
Q

Nuclear pore function

A

Allows for selective exchange between cytoplasm and nucleus

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7
Q

Function of outer membrane of mitochondria

A

Keep cytosol and inner environment separate

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8
Q

What is in inner membrane of mitochondria

A

Cristae, molecules and enzymes of the electron transport chain

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9
Q

Space inside inner membrane in mitochondria

A

Matrix

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10
Q

Qualities of mitochondria (4)

A

Cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance - transmit DNA independent of nucleus
Contain their own genes
Replicate independently of nucleus via binary fission
Can kill the cell by releasing enzymes from ETC which starts apoptosis

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11
Q

Lysosomes contain . . .

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

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12
Q

What happens when lysosomes release hydrolytic enzymes

A

Apoptosis - released enzymes directly lead to degradation of the cell

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13
Q

The ER is contiguous of what?

A

Nuclear envelope

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14
Q

RER function

A

Translate protein for secretion

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15
Q

SER functions (3)

A

Lipid synthesis (phospholipids)
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
Transport proteins from RER to Golgi

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16
Q

How can Golgi modify cellular products (4)

A

Add carbs, phosphates, sulfates, signal sequences to direct delivery

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17
Q

What is in peroxisomes

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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18
Q

Function of peroxisomes (3)

A

Break down fatty acid chains via ß-oxidation
Synthesis of phospholipids
Involved in pentose phosphate pathway

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19
Q

Function of cytoskeleton (2)

A

Provide structure/maintain shape of cell
Provide conduit for transport of materials around the cell

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20
Q

3 components of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilament
Microtubule
Intermediate filaments

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21
Q

What are microfilaments made of

A

Actin - resistant to compression and fracture (muscle contraction & cytokinesis)

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22
Q

What are microtubules made of

A

Tubulin (kinesin, dynein)

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23
Q

What are microtubules made of

A

Tubulin (kinesin, dyenin)

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24
Q

What are cilia and flagella made of? Function? Ratio?

A

Microtubules
Cilia - used for moving materials along surface of the cell
Flagella - used for moving the cell
9 (pairs) + 2 (single)

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25
Q

Structure of centriole

A

Microtubules
9 triplets + hollow center
Bound by kinetochores during mitosis

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26
Q

Intermediate filament function (3)

A

Cell-cell adhesion
Maintenance of cytoskeleton
Anchor organelles
Can withstand tension

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27
Q

4 tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle

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28
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

Line body and cavities - protect against pathogen invasion and desiccation (dry)
Held together by basement membrane
Constitute parenchyma - functioning parts of the organ

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29
Q

Connective tissue function (2)

A

Gives body support and a framework
Forms extracellular matrix (collagen and elastin)
Main contributor to stroma (support structure)

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30
Q

Types of connective tissue (6)

A

Bone, blood, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue

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31
Q

Area of prokaryote with DNA

A

Nucleoid region

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32
Q

Why were Archaea extremophiles?

A

Live in harsh conditions - temperature, salinity, no light

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33
Q

Archaea and Eukarya similarities (3)

A

Start translation with Met
Have similar RNA Polymerases
Have histones

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34
Q

Archaea and Prokarya similarities (4)

A

1 circular chromosome
Reproduce via binary fission
Overall structure
Resistant to many antibiotics

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35
Q

Bacteria equivalent of cilia

A

Fimbriae

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36
Q

Spherical bacteria

A

Cocci

37
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria

A

Bacilli

38
Q

Spiral bacteria

A

Spirilli

39
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Require oxygen for metabolism

40
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Anaerobes that cannot survive in presence of oxygen

41
Q

Faculative anaerobes

A

Can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in presence of oxygen

42
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Unable to use oxygen but is not harmed by its presence

43
Q

Prokaryote cell structure (5)

A

Ribosome
DNA (nucleoid region)
Flagella
Cell wall
Plasma membrane

44
Q

Function of cell wall in prokaryotes

A

Extra protective barrier

45
Q

The cell wall and plasma membrane of prokaryotes make up the . . .

A

Envelope

46
Q

Gram positive/negative stain color

A

Positive - purple from absorbing crystal violet stain
Negative - pink-red from absorbing safranin

47
Q

Gram positive cell wall is made of ___? Functions?

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan (amino acid and sugar) and lipoteichoic acid
Structural and barrier functions
Aids in protection from host’s immune system

48
Q

Gram negative cell wall composition

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan that is separated from plasma membrane by periplasmic space
Have outer membrane containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides (stronger immune system reaction in humans)

49
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Ability to detect chemical stimuli (food, toxins, immune cells) and move toward or away from them

50
Q

Filament is made up of . . .

A

Flagellin

51
Q

Basal body

A

Attaches to flagellum, can rotate up to 300Hz

52
Q

Basal body

A

Attaches flagellum to cytoplasmic membrane, can rotate up to 300Hz (motor)

53
Q

Hook of flagellum

A

Combines filament and basal body

54
Q

T/F: plasmid DNA is required for bacterial survival

A

False - can provide advantage like antibiotic resistance

55
Q

Where do prokaryotes generate ATP?

A

Cell membrane - electron transport chain

56
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote ribosome size

A

Prokaryote - 30S, 50S subunits
Eukaryote - 40S, 60S subunits

57
Q

What can plasmids carry? (2)

A

Antibiotic resistance
Virulence factors - toxin production, attaching projections to certain cells, evade host’s immune system

58
Q

Type of plasmid capable of integrating into the bacterial genome

A

Episome

59
Q

Transformation is ___ and is done by ____.

A

Integration of foreign genetic material into host genome - other bacteria spilling contents into vicinity of another bacterium
Gram-negative rods

60
Q

Conjugation is ___ reproduction and involves ___ (2).

A

Sexual reproduction
Conjugation bridge forms from sex pili
Donor male + to recipient female -
Bacteria processing the plasmid with sex factors are F+

61
Q

If the sex factor gets incorporated into the bacterial genome via ___, then it can transfer its entire genome.

A

Transformation

62
Q

Type of bacterial cell if F factor is in the bacterial genome

A

Hfr cell

63
Q

Transduction is ___ and requires a ___.

A

When genetic recombination occurs when a bacteriophage infects a bacterium.
A vector is a virus that carries DNA from one bacteria to another

64
Q

Transposons are ___.

A

Genetic material that can insert/remove themselves from the genome

65
Q

4 phases of bacteria

A
  1. Lag phase - adjust to environment
  2. Exponential (log) phase - replicate quickly
  3. Stationary phase - slowed growth due to less availability of resources
  4. Death phase - bacteria exceeded environment’s ability to support it, dies
66
Q

Viruses are ____ _____ parasites because they cannot reproduce independently. They lack ___ for ___ ___.

A

Obligate intracellular
Lack ribosomes for protein synthesis.

67
Q

Viruses are made up of . . . (3)

A

Genetic material
Capsid - protein coat
Envelope with lipids (sometimes)

68
Q

Types of viral genetic info

A

Circular or single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA

69
Q

Viruses with/without envelope are easier to kill because it is sensitive to ___ (3).
Viruses with/without envelope are harder to kill and are more resistant to ___.

A

With envelope is easier to kill, sensitive to heat, desiccation, detergents
Without envelope is harder to kill, resistant to sterilization

70
Q

Virus will replicate to produce ___ (viral progeny)

A

Virions

71
Q

Bacteriophages specifically target ___ and also have the ___ (2).

A

Target bacteria
Have tail sheath (inject DNA) and tail fibers (help recognize/connect to right host)

72
Q

Positive sense refers to ___ and means ___.

A

SsRNA, the genome can be directly translated into protein

73
Q

Negative sense means ___ and requires ___ (enzyme).

A

SsRNA acts as a template to synthesize its complementary strand. The new RNA is used for protein synthesis.
Requires RNA replicase in virion

74
Q

Retrovirus has ___ (3). It is long lasting because ___.

A

Enveloped, 2 ssRNA molecules, reverse transcriptase which synthesizes DNA from the RNA.
The DNA then adds to host genome and is infected from then on until the cell dies.

75
Q

Tail fibers with enzymatic activity allows for ____ and ___.

A

Penetration of the cell wall
Formation of pores in cell membrane

76
Q

Tail fibers with enzymatic activity allows for ____ and ___.

A

Penetration of the cell wall
Formation of pores in cell membrane

77
Q

DNA viruses go to ____.
Positive-sense RNA are located in ___.
Negative-sense RNA require ___.
Retroviruses require ___.

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm and are directly transcribed into protein
RNA replicase to make complement RNA strand for protein synthesis
Reverse transcriptase to make DNA which goes to the nucleus and integrates into host’s genome

78
Q

What do many viral proteins make

A

Capsid protein for formation of new virions
Viral genome is packaged in its original form

79
Q

3 ways viral progeny can be released

A

Initiate cell death from viral invasion
Host cell may lyse from being overfilled
Extrusion - releasing small vesicles with the progeny inside
- productive cycle because the host cell can continue making viral progeny

80
Q

Lytic vs lysogenic cycle

A

Lytic - virulent, use host cell to its fullest capacity resulting in host cell death
Lysogenic - when virus DNA integrates into host genome as provirus/prophage
- released by light, radiation, chemicals which causes prophage to leave the genome and enter lytic cycle

81
Q

Lytic vs lysogenic cycle

A

Lytic - virulent, use host cell to its fullest capacity resulting in host cell death
Lysogenic - when virus DNA integrates into host genome as provirus/prophage
- released by light, radiation, chemicals which causes prophage to leave the genome and enter lytic cycle

82
Q

How can transduction occur with prophage that left the host genome?

A

When leaving host genome, it can take some of the host genome with it, which can get transducted to another bacteria

83
Q

Benefits of having prophage in host genome of bacteria

A

Being infected with one phage can make it less susceptible to superinfection (simultaneous infection with other phages)

84
Q

Prions are ___ and cause ____.

A

Infectious proteins
Can lead to misfoldings of other proteins by altering alpha helixes/beta sheets

85
Q

How does a prion compare to a normal protein and what happens over time

A

Less soluble
Cell cannot degrade it efficiently
Protein aggregates form, interfering with cell function

86
Q

Viroids are ____ and infects ___

A

Small pathogens with very short, circular ssRNA
Infects plants

87
Q

How does a viroid work? What does that lead to?

A

Find to many RNA sequences and silence genes in plant genome
Prevents plant from making essential proteins - metabolic disruption and structural damage to cell

88
Q

Example of human viroid

A

HDV - hepatitis D
Harmless on its own but coinfection with HBV - hepatitis B - can lead to silencing human hepatocytes (liver parenchymal cells for metabolism, detox, immune cell for liver homeostasis, liver inflammation)

MCAT Bio (1 decks)

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