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Biology C > 1) The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

1) The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Give a summary of the structure of the heart

A

The heart consists of 4 chambers (pumps). The right and the left are completely separate, but there are valves between the top chambers (atria) and bottom chambers
(ventricles)

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2
Q

What are the structure and function of atria

A

Atria are thin-walled chambers that receive blood from veins.

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3
Q

Where does the right atrium receive their blood from?

A

From the body, through the right pulmonary vein.

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4
Q

Where does the left atrium receive their blood from?

A

From the lungs, through the left pulmonary vein.

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5
Q

What is the structure and function of ventricles?

A

Ventricles are thick-walled chambers that forcefully pump blood out of the heart.

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6
Q

How is the left ventricle adapted to pump blood?

A

It has thicker cardiac muscle than the right ventricle as it needs to pump the blood further, so it has thicker muscle to generate more force during contraction.

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7
Q

What is the structure and function of septum

A

It has a thick structure of discrete muscular bands, and it divides the left and right sides of the heart to prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

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8
Q

What is the function of a semilunar valve?

A

Permits blood to be forced into arteries and prevents backflow of blood.

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9
Q

What is the structure and function of bicuspid valve?

A

A bicuspid aortic valve is an aortic valve with only two cusps instead of three. The bicuspid valve controls the flow of blood from the left ventricle (chamber) to the aorta, the main artery delivering blood to your body.

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10
Q

What is the structure and function of tricuspid valve?

A

A tricuspid aortic valve is an aortic valve with three cusps. These valve flaps open to let blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. The valve flaps and then close tightly to prevent backflow.

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11
Q

What are the two types of vena cava?

A

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.

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12
Q

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body

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13
Q

What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body

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14
Q

What is the function of the left pulmonary vein?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from left lung

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15
Q

What is the function of the right pulmonary vein?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from right lung

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16
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

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17
Q

What is a myogenic muscle?

A

Myogenic muscle is a muscle that contracts without external stimulus.

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18
Q

What is the function of a sinoatrial node (SAN)?

A

The SAN is the heart’s pacemaker, responsible for the regular contraction of the heart muscle

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19
Q

What is the function of an atrioventricular node (AVN)?

A

The AVN conducts the signal to the ventricles, by passing a wave of electricity down the nerves of the bundle of His.

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20
Q

What is the function of the bundle of His?

A

Transmits impulses from the AV node to the ventricles

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21
Q

What is the function of Purkinje fibres?

A

Sends nerve impulses to the ventricles of the heart

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22
Q

What is the calculation of cardiac output?

A

Cardiac Output(ml/minute)= Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

Heart Rate= Number of heartbeats per minute
Stroke Volume= Volume of blood in ml pumped out of the heart at each beat

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23
Q

Define the structure of arteries (5)

A

-Elastic fibres
-Narrow lumen
-Relatively thick wall
-Smooth muscle
-Lined with smooth later of endothelial cells

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24
Q

What is the function of arteries? (4)

A

-They withstand high blood pressure
-They alter the diameter of lumen to vary blood flow
-Allow walls to stretch when blood is pumped into the artery and then recoil, smoothing blood flow
-Low friction surface to ease blood flow

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25
Q

Define the structure of veins (4)

A

-Very little smooth muscle or elastic fibres
-Wide lumen
-Relatively thin wall
-Have valves

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26
Q

What is the function of veins? (4)

A

-Blood under low pressure
-Valves stop backflow, making sure there is a 1-way of the flow of blood towards the heart
-No pulse of blood, so veins don’t stretch and recoil
-Large volume acts as a blood reservoir

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27
Q

Define the structure of capillaries (2)

A

-Very thin wall (1 cell thick)
-Small lumen

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28
Q

What is the function of capillaries? (2)

A

-Allow rapid exchange between blood and tissues
-Links arteries and veins

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29
Q

What types are in the ABO system?

A

A type
B type
AB type
O type

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30
Q

What type of antibodies would be present in the red blood cell of each blood type?

A

Group A- Anti-B antibodies
Group B- Anti-A antibodies
Group AB- None
Group O- Anti-B and Anti-A antibodies

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31
Q

What type of antigens would be present in the red blood cell each blood type?

A

Group A- A antigen
Group B- B antigen
Group AB- A+B antigens
Group O- None

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32
Q

Why are O Rh-negative people considered ‘universal donors’?

A

They can donate to all other blood types, they have no A, B or rhesus antigens so recipients’ blood cell antibodies would not cause the O- blood to clump together/agglutinate which can be fatal.

33
Q

Why is O- blood transfusions only used in emergencies?

A

Because there is still a risk involved, normally patients will receive blood with the same Rh (+-) and ABO (A, B, AB, O) as their own.

34
Q

What is the Rhesus system (Rh)?

A

Rh factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you’re Rh positive. If your blood doesn’t have the protein, you’re Rh negative.

35
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

A cyclical process the heart goes through, receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumping it around the body.

36
Q

How often does the cardiac cycle occur?

A

60-70 times a minute

37
Q

What is the cardiac cycle in the left side of the heart?

A

-Blood drains into the left atrium from the lungs along the pulmonary vein

-Raising of the blood pressure in the left atrium forces the left tricuspid valve open

-Contraction of the left atrial muscle ( left atrial systole) forces more blood through the valve

-As soon as the left atrial systole is over (muscle contraction), the left ventricular muscles start to contract. This is the left ventricular systole.

-This forces the left tricuspid valve to close and opens the semilunar valve. Blood then leaves the left ventricles along the aorta.

38
Q

What is the cardiac cycle in the right side of the heart?

A

-Blood drains into the right atrium from the lungs along the pulmonary vein

-Raising of the blood pressure in the right atrium forces the right tricuspid valve open

-Contraction of the right atrial muscle (right atrial systole) forces more blood through the valve

-As soon as the right atrial systole is over (muscle contraction), the right ventricular muscles start to contract. This is called the right ventricular systole.

-This forces the right tricuspid valve to close and opens the semilunar valve. Blood then leaves the right ventricles along the aorta.

39
Q

What is atrial systole?

A

It is a phase of the cardiac cycle. It is when the right and left atria contract at the same time, pushing blood into the left and right ventricle.

40
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A

It is a phase of the cardiac cycle. It is when the right and left ventricles contract at the same time, pushing blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

41
Q

What is cardiac diastole?

A

When the heart refills with blood

42
Q

What is ventricular diastole?

A

When the ventricles are refilling with blood, and are relaxed.

43
Q

What does ECG stand for?

A

Electrocardiogram

44
Q

What is the P wave in an ECG?

A

The P wave is the time of atrial systole (when right and left atria contract)

45
Q

What is the QRS complex in an ECG?

A

The QRS complex is the time of ventricular systole (when the right and left ventricles contract)

46
Q

What is the T wave in an ECG?

A

The T wave is caused by repolarisation of the ventricles during ventricular diastole (when they are refilling and relaxed)

47
Q

What are the types of ECG waves?

A

-Normal rhythm
-Bradycardia
-Tachycardia
-Sinus arrhythmia
-Ventricular fibrillation

48
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

An ECG wave with less than 60 beats per minute.

49
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

An ECG wave with more than 100 beats per minute.

50
Q

What is sinus arrhythmia?

A

An ECG wave with normal beats but triggered at an irregular interval.

51
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

An ECG wave that has an irregular ventricular rate.

52
Q

What is a normal rhythm?

A

An ECG wave that is between 60 and 100 beats per minute.

53
Q

What is a flat line?

A

There is no signal ad indicating that resuscitation is needed or death will occur.

54
Q

What are the factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

A

Genetics
Age
Gender
High Blood Pressure
Diet
Smoking
Inactivity

55
Q

Why is genetics a risk factor for CVD?

A

Inherited tendency to:
high blood pressure,
poor cholesterol metabolism,
arteries that are more easily damaged, relative HDL: LDL levels in the blood

56
Q

Why is inactivity a risk factor for CVD?

A

Regular vigorous exercise reduces the risk of CVD by reducing blood pressure and raising HDL (good cholesterol) levels

57
Q

Why is age a risk factor for CVD?

A

Elasticity and width of arteries decrease with age

58
Q

Why is gender a risk factor of CVD?

A

Oestrogen gives women some protection from CVD before the menopause

59
Q

Why is smoking a risk factor for CVD?

A

Chemicals in smoke physically damage artery linings and also causes them to constrict

60
Q

Why is diet a risk factor for CVD?

A

There are many correlations between dietary habits and levels of CVD, for example, lipoprotein and salt levels in the diet.

61
Q

Why is high blood pressure a risk factor for CVD?

A

Blood pressure should not be above 140 mm Hg systolic ad 90mm Hg diastolic.

62
Q

What are the types of treatment for CVD?

A

-Antihypertensives
-Statins
-Transplantation and Immunosuppressants

63
Q

What are some examples of antihypertensives?

A

Diuretics
Calcium channel blockers

64
Q

What is the benefit of hypertensives?

A

Reduces high blood pressure

65
Q

What are the risks of hypertensives?

A

Occasional dizziness
Nausea
Cramps

66
Q

What does LDL and HDL stand for?

A

LDL- Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol
HDL- High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol

67
Q

What is the benefit of statins?

A

Reduces LDL by inhibiting enzyme in the liver

67
Q

What are the risks of statins?

A

Tiredness
Diarrhoea
Nausea
Headache
Disturbed Sleep
Muscle Weakness

Also people may depend completely on statins and neglect to eat a healthy diet

68
Q

What is the benefit of transplantation and immunosuppressants?

A

A properly functioning heart

69
Q

What is the risks of transplantation and immunosuppressants?

A

Transplantation- Risk of rejection
Immunosuppressants- Reduce immunity so increasing risk of infections

70
Q

How does high blood cholesterol affect the body?

A

It leads to fatty deposition in artery walls. This causes the lumen of the coronary arteries to narrow.

71
Q

How does high blood pressure affect the body?

A

It damages the lining of the arteries and increases the risk of a blood clot blocking coronary arteries

72
Q

How does smoking affect the body?

A

It increases blood pressure and increases the risk of aneurysm which is swelling in the wall of a blood vessel.

73
Q

Why use Daphnia for experiments?

A

Abundant
Easily obtained
Transparent, so heart can be seen
Simple nervous system, so ethically less of an issue than a mammal

74
Q

Ethical implications for Daphnia experiment

A

-Cannot give consent
-Simple nervous system
-Abdundant in nature
-Bred for fish food
-No need to dissect, transparent so we can see heart beating

75
Q

What are the limitations for Daphnia experiment?

A

Simple animal models such as Daphnia are useful to get an idea about how human body systems work, but it must be remembered that they are not human.

76
Q

What are the variables to consider in the Daphnia experiment?

A

Temperature
Age, size and sex of Daphnia
Type of water, length of time out of natural habitat

77
Q

What are the safety measures to consider in Daphnia experiment?

A

Wash hands after handling Daphnia
Do not mix water and electricity

78
Q

What is the optimum temperature for Daphnia experiment?

A

25C, it ensures a good level of Daphnia activity without leading to enzyme denaturation.

A constant temperature is important to avoid heart rate changing to temperature.

Biology C (4 decks)

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