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WSET D1 Wine Production > 1. The Anatomy of the Vine > Flashcards

1. The Anatomy of the Vine Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Vitis vinifera?

A

V. vinifera is a vine species, to which belong the majority of known grape varieties. It’s indigenous to Eurasia.

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2
Q

What are the most important North American species?

A 
Vitis labrusca, 
Vitis riparia (coast-vine), 
Vitis berlandieri (lime-vine), 
Vitis rupestris (rock-vine).
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3
Q

What is the function of North American vine species?

A

rootstocks onto which V. vinifera is grafted;

also used in wine production in some regions (e.g. New York State).

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4
Q

Describe the vine structure.

A

1) the main shoots,
2) one-year-old wood,
3) permanent wood and
4) the roots.

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5
Q

Describe the main shoot structure.

A

stem, buds, leaves, lateral shoots, tendrils and inflorescences/grape bunches.

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6
Q

Define the canopy.

A

The main shoots and all of their major structures – stem, buds, leaves, lateral shoots, tendrils and inflorescences/grape bunches.

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7
Q

Where are the buds formed?

A

Buds form between the leaf stalk (petiole) and the stem.

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8
Q

What structures do buds contain as they mature?

A

Buds contain all the structures in miniature that will become green parts of the vine, including the stem, buds, tendrils, leaves and often inflorescences.

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9
Q

What are main types of buds?

A
  • Compound buds (also called latent buds)

* Prompt buds

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10
Q

When are compound buds formed and break open?

A

Compound buds (also called latent buds) form in one growing season and break open in the next growing season (provided they are retained during winter pruning).

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11
Q

What is the function of compound buds?

A

Compound buds produce the main shoots in the next growing season.

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12
Q

What is the structure of compound buds?

A

Compound buds have a primary bud (the main growing point) and smaller secondary and tertiary buds.

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13
Q

What is the function of a primary bud?

A

A primary bud is the main growing point.

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14
Q

What is the function of secondary and tertiary buds?

A

The secondary and tertiary buds serve as additional growing points. They usually only grow if damage has occurred to the primary bud (e.g. spring frost).

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15
Q

When are prompt buds formed and break open?

A

Prompt buds form and break open in the same growing season.

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16
Q

Where are prompt buds formed?

A

They form on the main shoot (that has just grown from a compound bud).

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17
Q

What is the function of prompt buds?

A

Prompt buds produce lateral shoots.

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18
Q

Where do lateral shoots grow from?

A

Lateral shoots grow from buds formed in the current year (prompt buds).

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19
Q

Define lateral shoots. Describe their structure.

A

Lateral shoots are smaller and thinner than the main shoots. Lateral shoots have a stem, leaves, buds, tendrils and sometimes inflorescences.

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20
Q

What is the function of lateral shoots?

A

to allow the plant to carry on growing;
provide an additional source of leaves for photosynthesis, which can be useful if the laterals are near the ends of the main shoots and able to benefit from sunlight;
often produce inflorescences, which can be known as a ‘second crop’.

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21
Q

Define photosynthesis.

A

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

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22
Q

Explain why can growth of laterals nearer the base of the main shoot be undesirable?

A

As laterals impede air flow and can shade the fruit too much. They may be removed in summer pruning

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23
Q

Define ‘second crop’.

A

Lateral shoots often produce inflorescences, which can be known as a ‘second crop’. These inflorescences become bunches of grapes later than those on the main stem and hence ripen later.

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24
Q

On what factors does the amount of second crop depend?

A

This can depend on the grape variety and canopy management techniques.

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25
Q

Explain the difference bw the bunches of the main crop and the second crop, if harvested at the same time.

A

If harvested at the same time as the main crop, the bunches in the second crop will be higher in acidity, lower in potential alcohol and may have unripe tannins and aromas/flavours and, in black grapes, less colour development.

26
Q

How can second crop be removed?

A

The second crop may be removed during the growing season by green harvesting.

27
Q

Explain why can green harvesting be desirable?

A

This technique is thought to enhance the ripening process and improve the uniformity of ripeness of the remaining bunches.

28
Q

Explain how can a vine grower be selective regards the second crop?

A

If fruit is hand-harvested, the ability to be selective means the second crop need not be picked or can be separated.

29
Q

Explain what are the effects of machine harvesting regards the second crop?

A

A vine grower can not 1) avoid picking up green crop (if undesired), and therefore it may have 2) an impact on the must (the substance that is fermented to make wine) and 3) finished wine.

30
Q

What are tendrils?

A

The shoot cannot support itself, therefore vines have tendrils.

31
Q

What are the functions of tendrils in the wild and in viticulture?

A

In the wild tendrils attach the vine to other plants or trees, providing support.
In viticulture, grape growers can use a trellis to position the vine canopy. The tendrils curl around trellis wires and keep the canopy in place.

32
Q

What are leaves function?

A

The leaves are the main site of photosynthesis in the vine.

33
Q

What are sugars produced in photosynthesis used for?

A

For vine growth and metabolism.

34
Q

Define stomata.

A

Stomata are pores, found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that facilitate gas exchange.

35
Q

What’s the function of stomata?

A

Stomata (pores) open on the underside of the leaves, letting water diffuse out and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis to enter.

36
Q

Define transpiration.

A

As water diffuses from the leaf, transpiration draws water and nutrients from the soil up through the vine to the leaves.

37
Q

When do stomata close? Why?

A

Stomata partially close if the vine is water stressed.

This can help conserve water, but limits photosynthesis by preventing carbon dioxide from entering the vine

38
Q

Define the inflorescence.

A

The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers on a stem, which becomes a bunch of grapes at fruit set .

39
Q

What is the average number of inflorescences on each main shoot? What does it depend on?

A

The number of inflorescences on each main shoot can depend on the grape variety, but is usually between one and three.

40
Q

Define the bunch.

A

A bunch of grapes is a fertilised inflorescence.

41
Q

How bunches vary? What does it depend upon?

A

The characteristics of the individual grapes, as well as the size and shape of the bunch, varies between grape varieties and even between different clones of the same grape variety. Some grape varieties can have very tight bunches (e.g. Pinot Noir)

42
Q

What are the risk of tight bunches?

A

They are more prone to fungal diseases inside the bunch due to damage to the grape skins.

43
Q

Define a grape.

A

A grape is a type of berry.

44
Q

Describe a grape berry.

A

A grape is made up of pulp, skin and seeds.

45
Q

What compounds are found in the pulp?

A

Water, sugars, acids and some aroma compounds and aroma precursors

46
Q

What compounds are found in the skin?

A

A high concentration of aroma compounds and aroma precursors, tannins and colour compounds

47
Q

What compounds are found in the seeds?

A

Oils, tannins and the embryo, which can grow into a new plant

48
Q

How and where do seeds mature?

A

Seeds mature inside the grape, turning yellow to dark brown.

49
Q

What is the bloom?

A

A powdery waxy coating, that covers the surface of the grape.

50
Q

Define one-year-old wood.

A

The main shoots from the last growing season that were kept at pruning.

51
Q

What does the amount of one-year-old wood depend on?

A

The amount of one-year-old wood will depend on the pruning and training decisions made by the grape grower.

52
Q

What’s the function of one-year-old wood?

A

It supports the compound buds that will break to release the main shoots for the upcoming growing season.

53
Q

What are the two main pruning techniques for one-year-old wood?

A

A cane- or a spur-pruned.

54
Q

Define permanent wood.

A

These are the woody parts of the vine that are older than one year, including the trunk.

55
Q

What are cordons?

A

Depending on pruning and training decisions, some vines also have one or more horizontal arms of permanent wood, often called cordons.

56
Q

What are the functions of cordons and the trunk in permanent wood?

A

provide support for the other parts of the vine;

transport water and solutes to and from different parts of the vine and store carbohydrates and nutrients.

57
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A 
serve as rootstocks;
anchor the vine;
provide uptake of water and nutrients;
store carbohydrates;
produce hormones that have important functions within vine growth and grape ripening
58
Q

What is the distribution of the main framework of roots influenced by?

A

By the soil properties, irrigation, cultivation and the type of rootstock.

59
Q

Why are root tips important?

A

The water and nutrients are absorbed at the root tips, where the roots are actively growing.

60
Q

How deep can vine roots grow?

A

Most of the vine’s roots are found in the top 50 cm of the soil, although vine roots have been found that reach over six metres down into the soil.

WSET D1 Wine Production (4 decks)

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