1. Test - Regionalizacija I Globalizacija

Question 1

Einstein’s quote

Answer 1

It is harder to crack prejudice than an atom

Question 2

Geographical region of Balkan

Answer 2

North border: Dunav, Sava/Kapa
yount mountain Balkan in Bulgaria
approx. 50 million people
Albania, Bulgaria, BiH, parts of Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Greece, North Macedonia, Turkey

Question 3

Cultural/vernacular region of Balkan

Answer 3

based on how people feel that they belong to the region and based on the regional identity

Question 4

Region

Answer 4

In geography, it is an area defined by common natural and/or social characteristics

Question 5

Regionalisation

Answer 5

The tendency to form regions, depends on criteria and identity of a region

Question 6

Regional identity

Answer 6

Depens on
1) physical features
2) built environment
3) ethinicity
4) culture
5) economic development
6) stereotypes

Question 7

Levels of spatial identity

Answer 7

Local, regional, national, global

Question 8

Cultural geography

Answer 8

The study of landscapd changes produced by the impact of different cultural groups on the environment

Question 9

What should every region have

Answer 9

Border, symbols, institutions

Question 10

Hrvatski grb

Answer 10

25 polja - 13 crvenih i 12 bijelih
1. grb - najstariji hrvatski grb (zvijezda Danica = hrvatski preporod i polumjesec se koristio kao simbol na prvim knjigama na hrv.)
2. Grb Dubrovačke Republike - Libertas
3. Dalmacija - 3 lavlje glave
4. Istra - jarac ima crvene rogove i papke koji predstavljaju zemlju crvenicu
5. Slavonija - kuna i dvije bijele crte (rijeke Drava i Sava) te zvijezda Danica (hrv. preporod)

Question 11

4 cultural regions

Answer 11

1) FORMAL REGION
- based on one or more homogenic natural and social characteristics
- importance of language, religion and ethinicity
- example: Zagreb
2) FUNCTIONAL REGION
- based on interaction between people
- examples: church communities, shopping malls
3) VERNACULAR REGION
- vernacular - homemade, autochthonous
- based on significantly expressed regional identinity, perception and stereotypes
- examples: Balkan
4) ASPIRATION/PERCEPTIVE REGION
- close to vernacular but based on the projection of future regions
- examples: NDH, Russia on the Crimean peninusla, Fascist Germany

Question 12

Nation

Answer 12

A group of people who share a history, traditions, culture, often a language, and it is a nation even if the group does not have its own country

Question 13

Nationalism

Answer 13

An ideology that an individual’s devotion and loyalty to a nation-state surpass other individual or group interests
Negative: xenophobia, chauvinism, racusm, losing the national identity
Positive: patriotism without chauvinism

Question 14

Multiculturalism

Answer 14

The view that cultures, races and ethinicites, particularly those of minority groups, deserve a special acknowledgement within a dominant political culture

Question 15

REGIONALIZACIJA HRVATSKE

Answer 15

1) UVJETNO-HOMOGENA (prirodno-geografska obilježja)
A) PANONSKO-PERIPANONSKA - granica je rijeka Ilova
B) GORSKO-KOTLINSKA HRV. - Gorski kotar, Lika i Ogulinsko-plašćanska udolina
C) JADRANSKA/PRIMORSKA HRV. - Sjeverno hrvatsko primorje i Dalmacija

2) NODALNO-FUNKCIONALNA (gradovi kao gravitacijske zone)
Zagreb - 770 000
Split - 161 000
Rijeka - 108 000
Osijek - 96 000

3) UPRAVNO-POLITIČKA
- županije

Question 16

podjela Sj. hrv. primorja i Dalmacije

Answer 16

SJEVERNO HRVATSKO PRIMORJE
a) Istra - granice su Ćićarija i Volosko
b) Sjeverno primorje - Kvarner i podvelebitsko primorje

DALMACIJA - granica je Paklenica/Starigrad
a) Sjeverna - Starigrad/Paklenica do Rogoznice (rt Ploča)
b) Srednja - od Rogoznice/rt Ploča do delte Neretve
c) Južna - od delte Neretve do granice sa Crnom Gorom

Question 17

NUTS REGIJE HRVATSKE

Answer 17

• službene statističke regije EU, bitne za provedbu statistike i dojdelu financijskih sredstava

NUTS 1 - Hrvatska
NUTS 2 - 4 REGIJE: Panonska, Jadranska i Središnja Hrvatska te Grad Zagreb
NUTS 3 - Županije

Question 18

Tradicionalne regije Hrvatske

Answer 18

Istra (do Učke), Kvarner (obala od Rijeke do Senja, Cres, Mali Lošinj, Rab i Krk), Gorski kotar, Lika, Dalmacija (južno od Karlobaga do Prevlake), Dalmatinska zagora, Međimurje, Hrvatsko zagorje, Podravina, Baranja (sjeverno od Drave), Srijem (jugoistočni dio Panonije), Banovina - Sisak i južnije, Kordun (istočno od Banovine), Pokuplje, Turopolje, Moslavina, Žumberak

Question 19

Globalisation

Answer 19

Linking the world on all levels

Advantages: connections, technological and economic progress, integrations

Disadvantages: more diffrences between countries, multinational companies exploit the work force, child labour, losing the national identity

Question 20

What is westernization and when did it begin?

Answer 20

It is the adoption of the practices and culture of Western Europe by societies and countries in other parts of the world, whether through compulsion or influence

It began with traders, colonizers and missionaries from Western Europe who believed that their way of life was superior to those of the peoples in the countries to which they travelled

In the 20th century, the USA became the most significant exporter of Western culture and it was iself a result of western European colonization of N. America

Examples: McDonalds, Bollywood - Hollywood

Question 21

Simboli i himna Hrvatske

Answer 21

Nacionalni cvijet: Hrvatska perunika
Svetac zaštitnik: sv. Josip

Riječi himne - Antun Mihanović
Uglazbio - Josip Runjanin

Question 22

Anti-globalisation movement

Answer 22

A social movement that emerged at the turn of the 21st century against neoliberal organization
2 sides/ directions: one is related to economy (against) and the other to problems with loosing the national identity
Why?
- bigger gaps in profit
- labour and child exploitation
- example: Congo - Cobalt

Question 23

Cyberactivism

Answer 23

Or digital activism
- form of activism that uses the Internet and digital media as key platforms for mass mobilization and political action

Question 24

Political and financial globalism or integrations (3)

Answer 24

THE WORLD BANK
IMF - INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
NATO - NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

Question 25

The World Bank

Answer 25

• founded in 1944, Washington
• an international development organization owned by 189 countries
• ROLE: to reduce poverty by lending money to the governments of its poorer members to improve their economies and to improve the standard of living ig their people
• PROBLEM - interest rates to credits/periphery countries

INSTITUTIONS:
IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IDA - International Development Association

Question 26

IMF

Answer 26

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
- 190 member countries, Washington
- UN’s specialized agency
- founded at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 to secure international monetary cooperation and to stabilize currency exchange rates
BENEFIT: periphery countries must implement reforms in their economies

Question 27

NATO

Answer 27

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION
- sjevernoatlantski obrambeni savez
- founded in 1949 in Washington
- headquarters in Brussels/Bruxelles
- PURPOSE: economic, political and military cooperation
- 31 members (PFP - Partnership for Peace), Croatia in 2009 and last one is Finland in 2023
- the NATO agreement is adjusted to UN charter

Question 28

G7

Answer 28

CONSULATION FORUM
- Canada, USA, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Japan
- established in 1975
- an informal grouping of advanced democracies that meets annually to coordinate global economic policy and address other transnational issues
- due to internal divisions and the rise of alternative institutions such as G20, some experts question the relevance of G7
- Russia was a member but was expelled for annexing Ukraine’s Crimean peninsula
- China is not a member due to its low nominal GDP and non-liberal democracy (communism)

Question 29

G20

Answer 29

“The group of twenty”
the most developed economies: (19)
Argentina, Brasil, USA, Canada, Mexico, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Turkey, India, Indonesia, China, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, North Korea, Australia and 2 regional bodies: The African Union and the European Union

MAIN GOAL: global economic stability
Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors
- World Bank and IMF
- 60% of the world population
- 80% of the world GDP
- 75% of the world export

Question 30

economic development

Answer 30

depends on:
1) working mentality (Japan)
2) natural resources (ores): industry develops entrepreneurship -> Italy and Japan are the only countries who haven’t developed due to the ores industries
3) political independency
4) social/political changes (capitalism/communism, private or state property, market or central economy)

Question 31

GDP of countries

Answer 31

1) USA
2) China
3) Germany
4) Japan
5) India
6) UK
7) France
future superpowers: China and India

Question 32

the world polarisation

Answer 32

1) developed North/undeveloped South

2) 1st, 2nd and 3rd world countries
1st - developed capitalist countries
2nd - communist countries (China, North Korea, Laos, Vietnam, Cuba)
3rd - developing world

3) a) core - dominant, capitalist countries: USA, Canada, most of Western Europe, Japan, Australia, New Zealand
b) periphery - less developed: Bolivia, Bangladesh, most African countries, Haiti, Nepal
semi-periphery - in transition: Brazil, Chile, Hungary, Turkey, Mexico

Question 33

world superpowers

Answer 33

USSR and USA till 90’s
India and China

Question 34

other preconditions for development (Asian countries)

Answer 34

1) huge economies - GDP
2) big number of populations
3) ores and energy resources
4) cheap labour
5) investment in knowledge -> technology -> inovations!

Question 35

Asian Tigers

Answer 35

small countries, small populations, no resources but they invest in ecuation:
Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan

Question 36

Croatia, GDP per capita/county

Answer 36

LOWEST:
Virovitičko-podravska
Brodsko-posavska
Požeško-slavonska
Vukovarsko-srijemska
Sisačko-moslavačka

HIGHEST:
Grad Zagreb
Istarska
Primorsko-goranska
Varaždinska
Dubrovačko-neretvanska

Question 37

countries with nuclear power

Answer 37

USA and Russia = 93% of world’s nuclear power
France, China, UK, Pakistan, Israel, India, North Korea
not official: Turkey, Iraq

Question 38

causes of conflicts

Answer 38

colonialism
natural resources (oil, ores, water…)
totalitarian regime - supports conflicts to maintain power (“Divide et impera”)
racial and religion differences

Question 39

colonialism

Answer 39

since the Great geographical discoveries
advanced (military) forces conquer indigenous population and new states are formed without ethnogenesis (gradual unification of peoples)
- borders aren’t ethnic -> example: India(Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim)

Question 40

the best example of colonialism

Answer 40

AFRICA
- free from colonizers, ethnic communities and triber were fighting for control over regions
- colonizers that are leaving, support those communtiies that are giving them possibility of influence

Question 41

Middle East

Answer 41

causes of conflicits:
- Islamic religion (Sunni and Shi’a - contradicting beliefs on succesion after Prophet Muhammad died in the 7th century = internal Muslim problems)
- colonialism (non-ethnic borders)
- oil

THE SYKES - PICOT AGREEMENT - “false promise”, France and Britain divided region into north and south and the Middle East is to this day divided like that

some conflicts: Ukraine/Russia, South Chinese Sea, Ethiopia, Yemen, Afganistan, Kurdistan, Venzuela, Israel & Palestine…

Question 42

Israel/Palestine

Answer 42

1947 - UN Resolution 81 - partioning Palestine into a Jewish state (56% of Palestine) and a Palestinian state (44%) = rejected by the Palestinians and the Arab states
1948 - the British mandate ends & the Declaration of Israel
Palestinians today: Gaza Strip, West Bank
Zionism - the movement to establish a separate Jewish state in Palestine - was born in the end of the 19th century
Hezbollah - Lebanese Shi’a Islamist political party and paramilitary group
Intifada - either of 2 popular uprisings in Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip aimed at ending Israel’s occupation of those territories and creating an independent Palestnian state
Hamas - The Islamic Resistance Movement, a militant Palestinian nationalist and Islamist movement dedicated to the establishment of an independent Islamic state in historical Palestine
PLO - Palestine Liberation Organization, a Palestinian nationalist coalition that is internationally recognized as the official representative of the Palestinian people

Question 43

Yemen

Answer 43

Houthies - Shiite movement that as been fighting Yemen’s Sunni-majority goverment since 2004
Religion - Islam, Sunni Islam - mostly practiced, Shia Islam - minority
- North Yemen never experienced any period of colonial administration
- South Yemen was part of the British Empire -> 1839 - 1967
- the contemprorary borders are largely a product of the foreign policy goals and actions of Britan, the Ottoman Empire and Saudi Arabia
- divisions based on religion, tribalism and geography continue to play an important role in politics
- 13 million people are at risk of starvation

THE SAUDI BLOCKADE
- was intended to pressure the Houthis by blocking ports, airspace and land borders = caused restricted food suplies and growing prices
THE WAR IN UKRAINE
- limited grain supplies and increased costs, pushing even more people into famine-like conditions
MALNUTRITION RATES
- among women and children remain among the highest in the world

Question 44

DR CONGO

Answer 44

• 2nd largest country in Africa (1st - Algeria, 3rd - Sudan
• capital city: KINSHASA, located on the Congo River
• rich in natural resources (diamonds, cobalt and copper)
• holds half of Africa’s hydroelectric power
• 2nd largest displacement crisis in Africa
• more than 200 Africa ethinc groups live in Congo = the Bantu people constitute a large majority of the country’s population
• gained independence from Belgium in 1960
• the country was officially the Republic of Zaire from 1971 to 1997

TUTSI
- a Bantu-speaking ethnic group and the second largest of three main ethnic groups in Rwanda and Burundi

FOUR “NATIONAL” LANGUAGES - Swahili, Tshiluba (Kiluba), Lingala and Kongo
- French is the official language

• the displaced population urgently needs security, medical aid and humanitarian support

Question 45

South Chinese Sea

Answer 45

points of interest for countries:
1) 21% of all global trades passes through it
2) rich in natural resources: fish, oil, natural gas, resources on islands
3) protection of borders

• China and Taiwan both believe they have the right to most of the sea: nine-dash line
• NINE-DASH LINE conflicts with the Law of the Sea (branch of international law concerned with public order at sea) as it states territorial waters should extend no further than 22 km beyond the coast (+islands)
• countries also have the right to establish an EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE - EZZ 200 km from shore (China interefers in EEZ of other countries)

CONFLICT:
- disagreement regarding sea borders between China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia + the interests of USA and Japana
- began in the 1970s when rich oil reserves were found in the sea

Question 46

STATE

Answer 46

a territory considered as an organized political community under sovereign authority/governement

Montevideo, 1993. Every state should have:
- permanent population
- defined territory
- authority/government
- ability to build diplmoatic relationships with other states

Question 47

homogeneous, hetergeneous states

Answer 47

based on number of nations:
1) NATIONAL OR HOMOGENEOUS STATES
- approx. more than 80% of one nation
- Croatia - 92%

2) MULTINATIONAL OR HETEROGENEOUS STATES
- Belgium: Flemish people and Walloons
- UK: Welsh, Scots, English, Northern Irish
- BIH: Croats, Bosniacs/Bosnians, Serbians/Serbs
- Spain: Catalan, Basque, Castilian, Galician

Question 48

The biggest states

Answer 48

1) Russian Federation - 17 million km2
2) Canada - 10 mill. km2
3) USA - 9.8 mill.km2
4) China - 9.6 mill.km2
5) Brazil - 8.5 mill.km2

Question 49

smallest countries

Answer 49

MICROSTATES
1) Vatican City - 0.5km2
2) Monaco - 2 km2
3) San Marino - 61 km2
4) Liechtenstein - 160km2
5) Andorra - 468 km2

Tuvalu - 26 km2
Nauru - 21 km2

Question 50

exclave

Answer 50

a portion of a country separated from the main part
Kalinjingrad - Russian naval port on Baltic sea
Gibraltar (Ceuta, Melilla) - Spanish territory in Morocco

Question 51

enclave

Answer 51

territory or a part of a territory that is surrounded by another state
Lesotho
San Marino
Vatican City

Question 52

constitution

Answer 52

the basic principles and laws of a nation, state or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain right to the people in it

Question 53

countries based on the form of government

Answer 53

Republics and monarchies

Question 54

monarchies

Answer 54

hereditary power
absolute, constitutional, parliamentary

Question 55

examples of monarchies

Answer 55

Kingdom - UK, Denmark, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden
Empires - Japan
Principality/kneževine - Andorra, Monaco, Liechtenstein
Duchies or Provinces/Vojvodstva - Luxembourg
Sultanates - Oman, Brunei
Emirates - Qatar, UAE

Question 56

republic

Answer 56

a form of government in which a state is ruled by representatives of the citizen body
Hrvatska - parliamentary republic